Essay on Strategic Management free essay sample

This paper fundamentally investigation Strategic Management and its impact on the different degrees of chain of command. Vital Management â€Å"Strategic Management comprises of the investigation, choices, and activities an association attempts so as to make and continue upper hands. †(Dess,Lumpkin,Eisner,2010) â€Å"Strategic Management is the way toward distinguishing, assessing and executing procedures so as to meet the hierarchical goals. † (Chris Jeffs,2008). Chris Jeffs(2008)says that vital administration gives the apparatuses important to contemplate the inward and outer condition and this is significant as it helps in dynamic. Johnson and Scholes anyway thinks key administration separated from all that ought to likewise separate one association from another. He says that a match ought to be obtained between an association and its condition which furnishes with an upper hand over others. (Johnson and Scholes refered to in Russell Hoye, Aaron Smith, Matthew Nicholson, Bob Steward, Hans Westerbeek,2009) Russell et al. (2009)says that an association could be a fruitful one if the choices it makes are subjective and key in nature. We will compose a custom article test on Article on Strategic Management or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Michael Armstrong, Tina Stephens (2005) just state that key administration implies looking forward at what they have to accomplish in the center or not so distant future. Each association needs a reason and a lot of targets. Vital Management helps in giving those destinations as well as accomplishing them in inside a specified time period considerably subsequent to thinking about an evolving domain. Vital administration additionally helps in evaluating the advancement and results in order to make the association a fruitful one as well as a maintainable one. Numerous associations accept that in the games business it isn't imperative to embrace key administration because of its quick evolving nature. They have confidence in executing choices as issues emerge on an everyday premise. Anyway this is in a general sense against what vital administration instructs us. The facts demonstrate that on the field exhibitions gets vulnerability and turmoil yet key administration readies an association to adjust or manage the circumstance. Fred R. David (2009) infact believes that key administration would be a disappointment in the event that it neglects to furnish the association with a serious edge. He refers to a case of 2 organization presidents who experience a bear. One of the presidents takes out his running shoes, while the other president says ‘you can't surpass a bear’. To this the primary president answers, ‘Maybe I can't beat that bear, however I can doubtlessly surpass you’. (Fred R. David,2009) The Strategic Management process Aaron Smith and Bob Stewart (1999) notice that numerous creators may have their various procedures or strategies. Charles W. L. Slope and Gareth R. Jones (2004) state that during this procedure it is imperative to keep a client arranged perspective on the association. While that might be genuine he says that they comprise of the fundamental center. Aaron et al. (2008) 1. Key bearing †This is the beginning stage of any association. An association ought to make a statement of purpose, vision proclamation and association goals. 2. Key investigation †Helps in acquainting and observing the earth in which an association works. Likewise gives the association its own and rivals qualities and shortcomings. This is finished by techniques, for example, SWOT and Competitor Analysis. SWOT examination †SWOT investigation is one of the most fundamental instruments used to break down the association with the business conditions whether interior or outer. SWOT represents Strenghts, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Quality is asset or capacity which drives an association towards finishing its objectives. Shortcoming is any deficiency which keeps an authoritative objective from being met, Opportunity is a positive situation that could be misused to help towards hierarchical objectives and Threats is a condition which will affect contrarily towards meeting authoritative objectives. The qualities and shortcomings are inner, as in inside the association though openings and dangers then again are outside natural conditions. Essentially SWOT investigation puts the association corresponding to its market and rivalry. (Aaron Smith et al. ). General condition comprises of elements that can't be foreordained or anticipated yet influence the association. General condition comprises of Demographic, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Political or DESTEP. Since the inner and outside variables are thought about all the while and on account of its oversimplified nature the SWOT examination has increased high prevalence. (Dess et all). 3. Vital choices †The outcomes from key investigation are mulled over and potential vital alternatives are worked out and positioned arranged by proficiency. 4. Key arrangement †In this progression choices are changed over into activities. This progression comprises of executing and completing the key alternative. 5. Vital assessment †Key execution pointers are utilized to distinguish and proficiency of the key arrangement picked. This is where impact of the vital arrangement is surveyed. Regardless of whether the strategy was a triumph or disappointment. Let us presently move onto Organizational conduct which in all angles influences vital administration. â€Å"The investigation of human conduct, mentalities, and exhibitions inside an authoritative setting; drawing on hypothesis, techniques, and standards from such trains as brain research, humanism, political theory, and social humanities to find out about people, gatherings, structures, and procedures. † (John M. Ivancevich/Robert Konopaske/Michael T. Matteson,2005). Most likely, this is a significant factor as the control of human asset inside the association is at last proportionate to its prosperity. An association runs on the aggregate exertion of their workers. A manager’s work is to work exclusively or with gatherings of representatives to separate the associations objectives. A significant factor inside hierarchical conduct that influences key administration is Leadership. Initiative can be characterized as â€Å"the conduct of a person when he (or she) is coordinating the exercises of a gathering toward a common objective. (Judith R. Gordon, R. Wayne Mondy, Arthur Sharplin, Shane R. Premeaux) Judith et al. essentially says that initiative is tied in with controlling and coordinating the representatives inside an association. Fred Luthans anyway discusses some hierarchical conduct scholars who don't believe administration to be of any significance. They state that â€Å"The social build of initiative is seen as a l egend that capacities to strengthen existing social convictions and structures about the need of chain of importance and pioneers in associations. (Fred Luthans,1998) But there is sufficient proof to state that initiative is a key factor towards the accomplishment of an organization. Eg : Thomas J. Watson, T. Vincent Learson have ensured IBM corner the PC business. Andrew J. Dubrin(2007) says that a pioneer ought adjust to change as well as spur, motivate and impact his workers. Dwindle G. Northhouse(2010) says that the pioneer and his devotees must have a shared objective as that decreases the chance of the pioneer acting in manners which are unscrupulous. Eg : Thomas J. Watson, T. Vincent Learson have ensured IBM corner the PC business. There are different types of initiative, for example, * Autocratic †They are those kinds of pioneers that settle on all the choices and guide the laborers precisely. They hope to be obeyed with no inquiry posed and are commonly somewhat forceful in nature. E. g. : One of the most impressive business substances Donald Trump gives off an impression of being despotic in nature. Another genuine model is SCI president Eugene Sapp. Indeed, even subtleties like travel solicitations and endorsements need to experience him. Participative †Subordinates are permitted and associated with the dynamic procedure however the last word or authority rests with the pioneer himself. E. g. : Sam Walton, the organizer of Wal-Mart has a built up supervisory crew that welcomes the workers to partake in the dynamic procedure yet the last definitive force lies with him. * Democratic †As the name expresses a vote based pioneer not just inc orporates the representatives towards the dynamic yet in addition attempts to execute the methodologies picked by them at whatever point conceivable. They are not resolute and urge workers to step up and get included. E. g. : The senior supervisor of Westinghouse Furniture Systems seems to fall under this class. He urges the laborers to engage in the manner conceivable. Infact, in the wake of actualizing an equitable authority approach there was a 74% expansion in profitability in a range of 3 years(1983-1986). * The Laissez-Faire †This sort of pioneer is uninvolved. He leaves most piece of the running of the association to the supervisory group. He could be named as a unimportant onlooker. It may not be an extremely successful technique yet on the other hand in generally relies upon the kind of association. This sort of authority style is generally utilized in the field of logical exploration and social help. (Judith et al. ) Judith et al. () proceeds to state that a great many people follow the ‘Great Man’ hypothesis which says that pioneers can't be made, they are conceived. It is broadly recognized that a pioneer ought to have some fundamental attributes yet research has not totally demonstrated that physical characteristics make a compelling director. There are sure hypotheses to how a pioneer ought to be chosen. Character/Trait or Great Man hypothesis †This is the most established and most widel

European Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

European Politics - Essay Example The constitution of the European nations have expressly ensured the interests of the minority networks; and energized their cooperation in social, monetary and political fronts. Childre (2003) saw that the constitution of the European nations bolsters vote based practices, and solidly energizes that the fair ideas will be embraced and executed based on its legitimacy. The European culture is cosmopolitan culture, however most of the aboriginals are hesitant to think about this as certainty. The contemporary political scholars considered cosmopolitanism as citizenship of the world, which is a study of conventional hypotheses of political commitment, with their propensity to concentrate on our obligations to individual residents, not to individuals somewhere else, as talked about by Patrick (2005). The result of the cosmopolitanism is relied upon to be single world government with comparing worldwide citizenship; this was assessed by Patrick (2005). Shockingly such goals have not examined by the genuine circles. Ulrich (2006) recommended that the altered and reestablished adaptation of the cosmopolitanism incorporates everybody on the planet in a solitary worldwide trap of common commitments. Anyway the reservations and analysis mounted against cosmopolitanism is pertinent to the carelessness of the commitments of correspondence; there has been accord on the way that the general public has commitments to give benefits as a byproduct of advantages got. The issue generally saw by the general public everywhere is pertinent to the mental chance dependent on the allure asserts, the disposal of an uncommon inspiring connection to individual residents is preposterous, yet the end of extraordinary propelling connections to individual residents is required to create certain attractive type of political life unthinkable. In this specific circumstance, the cosmopolitan has uncovered two wide alternatives for example the suitability of governmental issues as common depends not upon specific convictions that individual residents merit a greater amount of one's assistance, however upon responsibilities to the nation itself, in this manner in the event that the chance of the carefully cosmopolitan is conceivable, at that point Patrick (2005) accepts that a pledge to a general arrangement of standards encapsulated in a specific political constitution and a specific arrangement of political foundations is locked in. The practicability of such attractive governmental issues can possibly incapacitate the counter cosmopolitan; Ulrich (2006) accepts this has given that the disavowal of the type of political life is functional, and for this reasons the ethical responsibilities run over into a conversation of political hypothesis. Writing Review Wayne (2001) accepted that inside the European culture we despite everything discover hints of rebelliousness contrary to popularity based guideline of correspondence and equity. Prejudice and xenophobia has constrained and disheartened the interest of the minority or under-favored networks into political and get-togethers. The European culture which has been big fan and fan towards the proactive support of the minority networks into open and exclusive issues; the current political condition of some European nations shows critical standpoint, where the interests and privileges of the minority networks have been disregarded or overlooked. The European culture is multi-semantic, multi-ethnic, multi-social and multi-strict society. The entrance of the Africans, Arabs

Family Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family Structure - Essay Example In a Foster nuclear family the youngsters are raised by temporary parents who are not the real or organic guardians of the kid. The youngster might be living there for certain days weeks or even months, in light of the fact that the genuine guardians of the kid may not be alive or may not be fit for taking care of the kid because of various elements. These sorts of families are basic in the United States where kids are left being taken care of by non-permanent parents if the genuine guardians are tranquilize addicts or even crooks. Fantastic parent headed Families are those units where the grandparents being the oldest and the senior most individuals from the family are treated with deference and are complied. The offspring of this family, regardless of how old they develop, comply with the desires of their folks till they are alive. This sort of family culture is profoundly predominant in India, where the senior most individuals from the family in a joint family are treated with most extreme regard. The main errand that the new couple achieves is to achieve faithfulness to the recently framed relationship. Both the accomplices start their new coexistence by remaining along with one another and unwaveringness is accomplished by keeping up the sacredness of the marriage and trust among both the accomplices. The subsequent errand includes the arrangement of the new hitched relationship. The bond is made in a sacred spot and purified, after which the couple devote each other to themselves and spend great just as terrible occasions together. The third errand is the structure and realignment of associations with one another's families and companions, where the couple becomes more acquainted with every others' colleagues and attempt to adjust to the new connections. The case is particularly hard for a lady on the off chance that she needs to move into a joint family or spouse's more distant family after marriage and live with them. There is colossal alteration with respect to the spouse in such a case. These kinds of undertakings are profoundly common in the Indian Family frameworks, where the all-encompassing or joint family framework is still exceptionally predominant. 3 significant kinds of viciousness that is of worry to network wellbeing medical caretakers are: Spouse/accomplice misuse, Child misuse and Elder maltreatment (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, (2001). 3 instances of essential anticipation intercessions that can be utilized in managing savagery are: Universal Screening and Identification, School-Based Prevention Programs and Media and Public Education (American Medical Association (1994). 'Demonstrative and treatment rules on aggressive behavior at home'). 3 tertiary mediations that can be utilized in managing savagery are: Conjugal and family treatment by clinical staff, Milieu treatment and Behavioral token projects like Individual guiding. (Samhsa's National Mental Health data Center). References American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN). (2001). 'Savagery as a general medical issue'. Recovered from site: Anguish, Avner (2005). 'Family Structure, Institutions, and Growth: The Origin and Implications of Western Corporatism'.

System for Occupational Health and Safety Management

Framework for Occupational Health and Safety Management 1.1 General Overview Agape Homes Trust gives scholarly handicap level consideration to grown-ups in private and day care. The trust offers types of assistance to create people abilities, gifts and intrigue and help them to carry on with an incorporated life. The supervisor manages to two consideration habitats. There is an entrenched supervisory group supporting the running of the middle. The administration has a clinical facilitator, a group chief, four help laborers. A deficit recognized in this review around staff preparing and different records has been tended to. Wellbeing and Safety System Review report Approaches and Procedures Approaches and methods are checked on ordinary premise and refreshed to reflect best practice, norms and enactment. Arrangements are in put and archived soundly to decide expertise blend and staffing levels. Program is accommodated proper inclusion for viable conveyance of administrations to the customer consistently. The trust utilizes a mix of PC based anticipating cares and documentation based data. The drawn out consideration plan is PC based and a printed out outline put before the customers record. There is a way of life poll for inhabitants which gives data with respect to the occupants at various times different preferences. Intercession are arranged round those pastimes with set time period. Certain exercises are arranged out also. Food, culture, strict convictions are additionally thought of. Mishap records Meeting with the Team chief it was discovered that the trust has no occurrence and mishap record document nearby. All mishap and episode reports are documentation, researched inside 24 hours of event. Answered to and assessed by the clinical facilitator. Restorative measures started promptly and information ordered on the information base and the administrative work sent to the primary office where it is kept in document. Norms NZS8134:2008 Health and Disability Services Standards are followed in strategies guaranteeing suitable standard conform to customers rights and administrations gave in a way that customers are regarded, limits hurt, encourage decision and recognizes people culture, worth and convictions. Likewise benefits are successfully imparted to the occupants and their whanau. ISO standard is likewise followed in arrangements where there is food taking care of included and to guarantee administrations are solid and of value for inhabitants, whanau and staff. Expected set of responsibilities Every single individual at Agape Trust is mindful to agree to current word related Health and Safety (OSH) enactment and security at work. Everybody works securely consistently; utilizes wellbeing hardware gave; recognize perils and report in a split second; urge others to work securely; checking of own wellbeing and measures to improve when vital. Additionally sheltered clearing of inhabitants and others during crisis; keep up safe condition for self, staff and occupants. The General Manager is to be accounted for of any worry in regards to security or some other issues. Preparing Records Couldn't site the preparation records as it kept in the workplace consistently. Meeting with the group head the accompanying data was assembled. At the point when required or mentioned by group pioneer, be associated with hands on preparing and administration direction of staff and volunteers. In house wellbeing and security preparing in type of acceptance gave to new specialists and volunteers. All staff to have a substantial First Aid Certificate, take an interest in supplemental class, outside preparing and capability dependent on guaranteed preparing. Manuals Manuals on the most proficient method to utilize supplies accessible and kept in records. No composed security rules created and posted around the hardware. Little endeavor is made to control dangerous focuses on hardware. For instance the treadmill is situated close to the entryway to the clothing. Manuals on working with gear and unsafe substances can without much of a stretch be acquired at whenever. Risk Register Risk Register refreshed and got to effectively for dealing with basic issues, perils, causes with controls and choices to help control. It likewise has apparatuses, assets and contextual analyses. The register comprise of peril, for example, slips,trips,falls, manual taking care of, hitting writing material articles, testing practices, presentation to injury, stress, working environment viciousness, work environment tormenting, security, move work and dangerous substances. The dangers recorded were limited, disposed of or separated. It has been refreshed by the General Manager and initials of every specialist in the wake of perusing and getting it. Inventories All inventories are written by hand in books and refreshed every other month premise by the group head and the clinical organizer. Inventories expiry is checked and harmed hardware supplanted or fixed. The information is then moved to the PC for records. Wellbeing and Safety System Authoritative Requirement Have they been met? (No, halfway, generally, completely) Arrangements and Procedures Completely met Arrangements and systems are checked and refreshed. The wellbeing techniques are in positions that are effortlessly comprehended and extraordinary correspondence needs of individuals utilizing the structure mulled over too. The staffs knows about the wellbeing and security courses of action at the work place. There are approaches and methodology around squander the board, cleaning, clothing. Crisis the board and the staff are completely mindful of them. Approaches and methodology additionally in put for safe practice and staffs are firmly observed all occasions. Authoritative Management For the most part met There is sufficient qualified staff on the job at the Trust all occasions. The trust gives cares to profoundly penniless customers with scholarly incapacity so experienced and qualified staff ought to be accessible at record-breaking. The staff chicken is refreshed week by week. So the staffs have gotten sufficient direction and preparing before beginning work. Mishap Records Not met There are no records of past mishap records at the Trust. All mishap records are sent to the fundamental office where information is moved to the PC and the paper put away in document. Authoritative prerequisite. The trust ought to have a mishap record document with past mishap records present at the premises as this may help for future references. Norms Completely Met Checking with occupants, meet with group pioneer, staff guaranteed that arrangements bolster customer rights under this norm. Inhabitants all around educated regarding their privileges; individual security is ensured and endures no separation. Authoritative Requirements The measures have been affirmed by Ministry of Health under the Act and set the guidelines for wellbeing and handicap administrations. Gauges have been inspected yearly which incorporates general norms, center principles, contamination anticipation and control guidelines, restriction minimisation measures, authoritative administration and giving of safe condition. Set of working responsibilities Completely Met All staff at the Trust has clear jobs and obligations and their utilization their insight and abilities to advance a positive wellbeing and security culture in the working environment. As authoritative and administrative prerequisite, every specialist needs to follow wellbeing approaches and rehearses and their assistance in arranging, actualizing and checking of defensive and precaution security measures at work environment. All staff has composed sets of responsibilities and composed duplicate of their terms and states of work before beginning with the activity. Preparing Records Not met Staff documents not refreshed. Report, for example, preparing embraced and finished not found. Authoritative prerequisite Long standing staff needs their competency and abilities evaluated to decide the requirement for additional preparation. The trust needs staff preparing and advancement projects to look after aptitudes, meet the changing needs of the inhabitants, satisfy the points of the Trust and understanding the strategies and methods of the association and appropriate skillful to do their jobs. The Manager ought to guarantee that base compulsory preparing necessities for all his staff are met and refreshed on customary premise and records are kept up Manuals Completely Met Manual of each gear present for security reasons. The manuals are refreshed by the administration on standard premise. Duplicates of manual printed out and put in regions where it very well may be effortlessly gotten to. Danger Register In part Met. The Hazard Register isn't refreshed, certain hazard was recognized however remedial estimates despite everything should be set up. The register has composed affirmation of all legal identifying with fire wellbeing and gauges consented during fire drill. Hierarchical necessity The director needs to guarantee that the hazard appraisal is done for all territories of work. To deal with the distinguished hazard that have been recorded, restorative activity must be actualized and all staff to know about any risks recognized and a control set up. The Manager needs to survey the hazard the board records on customary premise. He additionally needs to see to the occasions including mishaps wounds and occurrences of fire records and fire drills. Staff utilizes fitting defensive apparel and gear reasonable for the work to diminish the danger of damage and wounds to other people and furthermore to themselves. Inventories In part Met. All inventories are recorded and later information moved to the PC for future reference. The association saves all the necessary inventories for security reasons. The messed up and old gear ought to be disposed of and supplanted with the new hardware. Authoritative prerequisite To decrease the danger of mischief and wellbeing old, broken hardware ought to be supplanted. 1.2 Wellbeing and Safety Systems Authoritative Requirement Hierarchical Requirements Strategies and Procedures Completely Met Strategies and methodology consent to wellbeing and security enactment for keeping up and giving wellbeing and sound work place, limit hazard in work practice for government assistance of eve

Review of Heavy Oil Formation, Properties and Recovery Free Essays

Presentation Oils with exceptionally high densenesss and viscousnesss are named as substantial oils. They are made out of long and high atomic weight mixes. Overwhelming oils are arranged with scope that is under 220API to 100API ( American Petroleum Institute ) attractive energy. We will compose a custom article test on Audit of Heavy Oil: Formation, Properties and Recovery or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Substantial oils that are under 100API are to be alluded as the overabundance overwhelming oil or Bitumen. The variance between the overabundance substantial oils and bitumen is non only the undertaking of API attractive energy or their synthetic composings however their Viscosity. The overabundance substantial oil is a kind of oil that may take after pitch sand bitumens and do non transition simple. They are perceived as holding portability in the supply when contrasted and pitch sand bitumen which is unequipped for versatility under the store conditions. The word pitch sand is utilized to delineate the sandstone supplies that are impregnated with an overwhelming and sweet dark oil that can non be recovered through acceptable customary creation methods. Bitumen, alluded as local black-top incorporates a wide grouping of reddish earthy colored to dark stuffs of semisolid, sweet to weak character that can be in nature with no mineral dross or with mineral undertaking substance that ma y rise above 50 % by weight. Bitumen is more sweet than overabundance substantial oil at store power per unit zone and temperature conditions. Bitumen is fixed and overabundance substantial oils have some evaluation of versatility at store conditions. The ultra-overwhelming or overabundance substantial oils are denser than that of H2O which has an API attractive energy of 100API. While the attractive energy units API, do non portray the entire liquid belongingss of the oil which is spoken to by the oil viscousness. Like a few petroleums may be of low attraction yet they have relatively low viscousness at repository temperatures when contrasted and lighter petroleums. Overwhelming oils involves scope along the continuum between ultra-substantial oils and noticeable radiation oils. The above estimations are referenced by the Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . EIA uncovered that there were 1646 billion barrels of demonstrated state armies in 2013. All inclusive, the recoverable state armies of substantial oil and common bitumen are equivalent to the staying local armies of the customary oil. Orchestrating to the informations broke down informations Middle East states overwhelms in footings of the traditional oil civilian armies while the South America, well the Venezuela drives the universe in footings of the substantial oil volunteer armies. Orchestrating to the above portrayals of ordinary oil, overwhelming oils and bitumen sedimentations, the regular oil creation in Canada has lessening in the course of the last scarcely any mature ages from 1.2 million bd to 1 million bd including the obvious radiation and medium classs oil each piece great as the substantial oil from Alberta and Saskatchewan Fieldss starting at 2006. Orchestrating to the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers ( CAPP ) , during a similar time of five twelvemonth range from 2001 to 2006 the whole creation from the mined oil littorals and oil littorals delivered in situ by the help of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage ( SAGD ) or might be through different techniques expanded from the 659000 bd in 2001 to 1.1 million bd in 2006 and this estimations may travel each piece high as 4 million bd in 2020. Russia has around 246.1 billion barrels of regular bitumen of which 33.7 billion barrels which is about just the 14 % of whole is recoverable. The remain ing 86 % can non be sensibly recouped as they exists in removed nations or dispersed in numerous little sedimentations. The idea of substantial oil is a vocation for recuperation tasks and for cleaning because of high viscousness because of which makes the rendering recuperation disbursal and the nearness of sulfur substance might be high and builds the disbursal of cleaning the oil. When contrasted with ordinary unrefined petroleum, substantial oil normally has the low extents of unpredictable parts with low sub-atomic loads and well higher entireties of high sub-atomic weight mixes of lower unpredictability. The high atomic weight part of substantial oils are involved complex blend of various sub-atomic and synthetic sorts fusing a different pack of mixes which may non needfully be only paraffin segments or asphaltene segments with higher defrost focuses and pour focuses that may extraordinarily loan to hapless liquids belongingss and low versatility of the overwhelming oil. The nearness of asphaltene parts are non only the essential driver for the high explicit attractive energy of the overwhelming oils nor are the chief reason for creation employments. It is other than vital to see the substance of rosin segments and fragrant segments nearness in the substantial oil during its recuperation and creation. Overwhelming oil, as an asset is ever disregarded because of its difficulty and the higher creation costs engaged with passing on the substantial oil onto the surface from stores. As depicted by the geochemists that when raw petroleum starting stone is created, the oil delivered by it is non substantial yet it turns out to be overwhelming after the critical degradation during movement and after the ensnarement. Corruption happens through a variety of organic, substance and physical systems in the earth’s subsurface beds. Microscopic organisms borne by surface H2O process the paraffinic, napthenic and fragrant hydrocarbons into heavier particles. Arrangement Waterss other than evacuate hydrocarbons by arrangement, flushing off lower sub-atomic weight hydrocarbons, that are solvent in H2O. The oil other than at long last debases by the devolatilization if hapless quality seals permit lighter atoms to isolate and escape. The substantial oil normally frames from the more youthful geographical stone developments like Pleistocene, Pliocene and Miocene stones. Those supplies have the tendancy to be shallow deepnesss and less efficacious seals in the stone developments. By early times of 1900s, new advanced oil recuperation strategies were deevloped, for example, Cold Production which is an essential recuperation technique. By executing the Cold Production at store temperatures, the recuperation effeciencies run from simply 1 % to 10 % stone mud it arrives at the maximal prudent recuperation factors. Oilfield organizations requires long haul contributing for substantial oil recuperation and because of the ground that overwhelming oil makes movement inconveniences, is an all the more profoundly won and cleaning strategies for bring forthing attractive stocks. Subsequently their building esteem is surveyed by their capacity for cut bringing down its whole expense. A large portion of the substantial oil Fieldss are shallow makes the exhausting expenses non a predominant factor yet the expanding element of figure of diserse Wellss and level Wellss makes it to introduce a few expenses durng the improvement stages. Inside these costs, the essential expens es if for the doing the overwhelming oil to assemble by shooting the steam required. Each part known to mankind has oil having diverse physical belongingss and is at various period of system adulthood, hence every part utilizes distinctive turn of events and creation procedures forheavy oil recuperation. Component of development of Heavy oil: As the particular attractive energy of supply oil lessenings with profundity, API graity increments with profundity. The aging wonder of oil takes topographic point in starting and store stones which makes the kerogen carry forthing lighter oil with profundity in the last mentioned. Consequently, the mean inclination watched overall is that the higher API attractive energy oil is found at th expanding profundities however less oil is created with profundity. This must be called attention to that these are general inclinations yet there are prohibitions. There are varying systems that replace the first oil that is delivered during the relocation technique of oil and because of its resulting gradual additions. Various strategies inculdes the biodegradation, H2O lavation, oxidization, deasphalting/dissipation and oppressive movement of the igniter constituents. Biodegradation of the oil oils can change the composings and physical belongingss over a specific geographical timescales. Distinctive smaller scale living beings that are available in the stores of the oil bearing stones and bearing the raw petroleum supplies. They use the hydrocarbons as the start of C for their metabolic techniques. That strategy might be aerophilic or anaerobiotic. To a great extent the hydrocarbons are oxidized into intoxicants and acids. Straightforward sequential ironss are prefered, however as the biodegradation proceeds, a greater amount of the unpredictable particles are progressively being devoured. The since a long time ago tied paraffins are oxidized for giving di-acids. Essentially, napthene and sweet-smelling rings are oxidized to di-alcohols. This biodegradation wonder results in the loss of immersed and fragrant hydrocarbon content, roll uping rosins and asphaltenes what's more decreasing of API attractive energy which autmatically characterizes as e xpansion in thickness of the oil. The biodegradation system an experience if the reserrvoir temperatures do non rise above 800to 820. Overwhelming oils impact on Physical Properties of Rocks During Production: Overwhelming oils have a shear modulus, act like a strong at low temperatures. They are firmly temperature dependant. Gas coming out of the arrangement may be it littlest wholes can deliver a major geophysical mark. Overwhelming oils ordinarily goes about as the solidifying specialist in unconsolidated littorals. During the creation, store stone framework is as often as possible changed basically. Physical belongingss of the stones possesing overwhelming oils are to a great extent teperature dependant and frequence dependant each piece great. Straightforward Gassmann change will disregard in overwhelming oil stores. Unrefined oils which essentially has hydrocarbons or the coompounds comprising H and C just. Different components, for example, S, N and O are other than present in little entireties and are joined with C and H in complex mole

Growth Mindset and Brainology by Carol Dweck

Growth Mindset and Brainology by Carol Dweck “Mindset change is not about picking up a few pointers here and there. Its about seeing things in a new way. When peoplechange to a growth mindset, they change from a judge-and-be-judged framework to a learn-and-help-learn framework. Their commitment is to growth, and growth take plenty of time, effort, and mutual support.”, Carol S. Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. Growth mindset and brainology is an educational project that was instituted by Professor Carol Dweck and made her famous for. This is particularly designed to help students break all boundaries and limits set by negative learning perspectives, while also instilling self-confidence in them. The contribution of Dweck’s research to social psychology is enormous: she explains implicit theories of intelligence, explains the causes of them being affected by subtle environmental cues, how it shapes your mentality towards your abilities, and at last it controls the way you lead and experience your life. Carol Dweck and her brainology article In the brainology article Carol Dweck wrote, she claims that “Many students believe that intelligence is fixed, that each person has a certain amount and thats that. We call this a fixed mindset, and, as you will see, students with this mindset worry about how much of this fixed intelligence they possess. A fixed mindset makes challenges threatening for students (because they believe that their fixed ability may not be up to the task) and it makes mistakes and failures demoralizing (because they believe that such setbacks reflect badly on their level of fixed intelligence). Other students believe that intelligence is something that can be cultivated through effort and education. They dont necessarily believe that everyone has the same abilities, but they do believe that everyone can improve their abilities. In short, students with this growth mindset believe that intelligence is a potential that can be realized through learning. As a result, confronting challenges, profiting from mistakes, and persevering in the face of setbacks become ways of getting smarter.” Dweck goes on to explain through her research of following the academic progress of seventh graders how these two mindsets are created, where different thinking and decisions we make in life come from, if the mindset has influence on our lives and whether we can change the way of thinking. According to Dweck,- it turns out that we can change our mindsets to have a growth mindset if we are aware of the mindset we have now. This can help us to be more successful, teach us of challenging ourselves to reach new heights, never give up and motivate us to do more so to enhance our intelligence. Of course, having a growth mindset encourages learning and effort. If you truly believe you can improve at something, you will be much more driven to learn and practice. More free time? Better grade? Click on this button nowOrder Now So how can you build up and support a growth mindset and attitude? Having a growth attitude is not something conceptual or something no one but others can have. Its an incredible inverse: there are particular things you can do each day to sustain a development attitude. Gain some new useful knowledge consistently. It can be anything, from finding out about how things work, watch educational shows and series, keep on track on news on TV, read as much books as you can (the topic’s variety can be very beneficial here), take part in scientific workshops, seminar or conferences. Get your spare time booked for useful stuff, train your brain, develop yourself and improve each day. Be boundless in exploring new things. Find the activity which would fully engage you. It can be additional classes at school you have never tried before, some online lectures on the topics you are interested in to get yourself assigned to, or hobby sections you might attend with people who share the same interests and have minds alike. Such involvement will bring you to the point of exploring new things and broaden up your horizons in discovering something new and exciting. Encircle yourself with growth oriented individuals. Having people shared the interests of yours would inspire you in doing the things you might be struggling with, you could rely on their help in achieving something you were not able to do previously. Change your perspective of accomplishment. Sometimes we are desperately trying to accomplish something and achieve great results, but in the end, we don’t feel that we are happy with what we have, we are not sure if we receive the satisfaction in the end of the process. Well… Sometimes it is not about the achievements itself, but it is about the process of getting thing done. Our advice is, instead of believing that achievement is being the best, consider achievement putting forth a valiant effort, and dependably concentrate on enhancing the way you do your work and deal with your self-awareness. Change your comprehension of disappointment. Instead of seeing your disappointments as affirmation of your powerlessness to accomplish something, see a disappointment as a mishap: it can propel, enlightening, even a reminder. The writing of Carol Dweck is very interesting and leaves impression that educating yourself and training your brain is worth trying as our brain capacity is limitless. While reading her work, you can discover how we embrace a specific attitude about our capacities ahead of schedule in life because of messages we get from our condition, guardians, and instructors. So read it, enjoy it and give it a try!

Life in Med School and the Med School Selection Process

This interview is the latest in an Accepted blog series featuring  interviews with medical school applicants and students, offering readers a behind-the-scenes look at  top medical schools and the med school application process. And now, introducing MedStud†¦ Accepted: Wed like to get to know you! Where are you from? Where and what did you study as an undergrad?   MedStud: I’m from Charlotte, NC and I went to North Carolina State University for undergrad, where I was a double major in Biochemistry and Microbiology (sounds more intense than it was, I promise! There was a lot of overlap between the two majors). Accepted: Where are you in med school? What year?   MedStud: Im a first year medical student at a big state school in NC. Accepted: Why did you choose this program? How was it the best fit for you?   MedStud: I chose this school because it has a great national recognition and I had really great interactions with the students and faculty every time I was there. I also like the new curriculum that they have – it’s a shortened preclinical curriculum so I will be doing rotations a half a year earlier than otherwise. Its also pass/fail, which meant that my work-life balance would be pretty good – which it is! Accepted: Can you share a few tips with our readers about how to choose a med school?   MedStud: I think any accredited medical school across the nation will give you a good medical education. The difference really lies in what YOU want out of your experience – do you want a rural health focus? Urban? A little bit of both? Can you see yourself potentially doing a combined degree program (MD/MBA or MD/MPH)? The biggest determining factor for me was my work-life balance. I did not want to be all consumed by medical school, so I asked current medical students what their everyday life is like and I was happy with what they said! Keep in mind that if youre choosing between medical schools, you really cant go wrong – youve made it! Accepted: In your blog you talk about the challenges you faced applying to med school with a lower-than-average MCAT. Can you talk more about how you got into med school despite your lower score?   MedStud: So my MCAT score was definitely lower than it shouldve been. I did however have a 4.0 GPA, which probably helped. But most important was my clinical experience and my letters of recommendation, I think. I was a home healthcare aide (dont need any certifications for this!) and I got direct one-on-one patient contact for about a year. I was really able to speak to the fact that I want to do medicine and I had experiences/stories to back that up. As for my letters, I got very close to a few professors during my undergrad years and they wrote incredible letters for me, vouching for me as a person and future doctor! Accepted: Can you talk about your everyday life in med school? MedStud: So my day starts at  6am  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ I get up, make breakfast, take the bus to school which starts at  8am. From  8am-12pm, we have either lectures or small groups or labs so Im occupied in the morning. In the afternoon, I take an hour off for lunch and then study/work through the material that was presented that morning until 4 or 5. Then, I go home and hit the gym, cook, and relax with friends! If an exam is coming up, I can use my evening to catch up or do some extra review but in general, thats how my days go! It was important to me to be able to have that time in the evening to myself, so its worked out really well so far. Accepted: Whats your favorite class so far? MedStud: Our curriculum is in blocks, so every 4 or 6 weeks we have a new body system were working on. Personally, I like cardiology the best so far, but I know its not what I want to practice in the end, so well see! Accepted: Wed love to hear more about your blog. Who is your target audience? How have you learned or benefited from the blogging experience? MedStud: My blog is definitely up and coming – I think I have a unique outlook on the medical school application process and would love to help anyone out there! I remember that when I went through the process, I didnt have many friends in pre-med, so I was quite lonely through it all. I didnt have mentors or people I knew who were in medical school already either, so I think the process was harder than it needed to be. So Im just here in case there are people out there that are in my shoes! You can follow MedStuds med school adventure by checking out her blog, Life of a MDStud(ent) or Twitter (@MedStud_ent). Thank you MedStud for sharing your story with us! For one-on-one guidance on your med school applications, please see our catalog of med school admissions services. Do you want to be featured in Accepteds blog? If you want to share your med school journey with the world (or at least with our readers), email us at bloggers@accepted.com. ; Related Resources: †¢ Navigate the Med School Maze: 12 Tips from Start to Acceptance †¢ Med School Kicks Off: Ten Tips to Get You Through the Season †¢Ã‚  Advice From A Med School Admissions Director

Attempted Suicide - Health Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 24 Words: 7065 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Investigation into nurse strategies to prevent or minimise attempted suicide in patients over 65 This dissertation considers the rationale for positive nurse-based intervention in consideration of issues relating to suicide in the elderly. The introduction sets the context, including the historical context, of the issues and discusses the negative effects of ageism on issues relating to suicide in the elderly. The literature review considers selected texts which have been chosen for their specific relevance to the issue and particularly those that espouse the view that ageism is counterproductive to a satisfactory quality of life outcome for the elderly person. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Attempted Suicide Health Dissertations" essay for you Create order Conclusions are drawn and discussed with specific emphasis on those measures that are of particular relevance to the nursing profession whether it is in a secondary care facility, a residential home setting or in the primary healthcare team and the community. Introduction We can observe, from a recent paper (O’Connell H et al. 2004), the comments that, although there is no doubt that the elderly present higher risk of completed suicide than any other age group, this fact receives comparatively little attention with factors such as media interest, medical research and public health measures being disproportionately focused on the younger age groups (Uncap her H et al.2000). Perhaps we should not be surprised at the fact that both suicidal feelings and thoughts of hopelessness have been considered part of the social context of growing old and becoming progressively less capable. This is not a phenomenon that is just confined to our society. We know that the Ancient Greeks tolerated these feelings in their society and actively condoned the option of assisted suicide if the person involved had come to the conclusion that they had no more useful role to play in society (Carrick P 2000). Society largely took the view that once an individual h ad reached old age they no longer had a purpose in life and would be better off dead. In a more modern context, we note the writings of Sigmund Freud who observed (while he was suffering from an incurable malignancy of the palate: It may be that the gods are merciful when they make our lives more unpleasant as we grow old. In the end, death seems less intolerable than the many burdens we have to bear. (cited in McClain et al. 2003) We would suggest that one of the explanations of this apparent phenomenon of comparative indifference to the plight of the elderly in this regard is due to the fact that the social burden of suicide is often referred to in purely economic terms, specifically relating tools of social contribution and loss of productivity. (Breeching A et al.2000). This purely economic assessment would have to observe that the young are much more likely to be in employment and less likely to be a burden on the economic status of the country whereas with the elderl y exactly the converse is likely to be true. This results in economic prominence being given to the death of a younger person in many reviews. (Adcock P,2003). There is also the fact that, despite the fact that we have already highlighted the increase in relative frequency of suicide in the elderly, because of the demographic distributions of the population in the UK, the absolute numbers of both attempted suicides and actual suicides are greater in the younger age ranges and therefore more readily apparent and obvious. The elderly are a particularly vulnerable group from the risk of suicide. In the industrialised world males over the age of 75 represent the single largest demographic group in terms of suicide attempts. Interestingly (and for reasons that we shall shortly discuss) although there is a general trend of increasing suicide rate with age the excess rates associated with the elderly are slowly declining in the recent past (Castell 2000). We can quantify this stateme nt by considering the statistics. If we consider the period 1983 to 1995 in the UK then we can show that: The suicide rates for men reduced by between 30% and 40% in the age groups 55–64, 65–74 and 75–84 The rates for the most elderly men (males over 85 years) remained fairly static, this group still having the highest rates of any group By way of contrast, the 25- to 34-year-old male group exhibited a 30%increase in suicide rate during the same period, this group are becoming the group with the second highest rate, while the 15- to24-year-old male group demonstrated a 55% increase in suicide rates.(WHO 2001) Female suicide rates have shown a similar overall decrease, reducing by between 45 and 60% in the 45–84 age group. Elderly women, however, retain the highest rates throughout the life span (Castell 2000) The ratio of male to female elderly suicide deaths remains approximately 3:1 (Fischer L R et al. 2003) We can suggest that thes e trends in reduction of suicide, particularly in the elderly are likely to be due, amongst other things, to: The improved detection of those at risk together with the advent of aggressive treatment policies relating to mental illness in the elderly. (Warn M et al. 2003) One of the main reasons, we would suggest, for this obviously changing pattern and the discrepancies in the suicide rates between the age ranges, is the fact that, in direct consideration of the context of our topic, the elderly are more likely to be both amenable to professional help and also, by virtue that a higher proportion are likely to be in direct contact with healthcare professionals either through failing health or nursing homes and hospitals, (Soutine K teal. 2003), have the warning signs of impending suicide recognised and acted upon more promptly than the younger, arguably more independent age group. In specific consideration of the elderly group we should also note that attempted suicide is mo re likely to be a failed suicide attempt rather than a Para suicide. (Rubenowitz E et al. 2001). There is considerable evidence that the incidence of depression is increased in the presence of a concurrent physical illness (Conwell Yet al. 2002) and clearly this is going to be more likely in the elderly age group. Some sources have cited association rates of between 60-70%of major depression with physical illness in the over 70yr olds.(Conwell Y et al. 2000). Another significant factor is that it is commonly accepted that an attempted suicide is a strong independent risk factor in the aetiology of further suicide attempts. (Conwell Y et al. 1996) This trend is much more marked in the elderly group with a ratio of about 4:1 which compares very badly with the ratios in the younger age groups of between 8:1 and 200:1 (depending on age range, definition and study).(Hippie J et al. 1997) Aims and objectives In this dissertation it is intended to gain evidence based knowledge of the scope and significance of the phenomenon of attempted suicide in the elderly. In addition it is intended to gain evidence based knowledge in the use of strategies to ameliorate attempted suicide in the elderly to highlight gaps in the literature available and to suggest recommendations for change in nursing practice It is hoped tube able to suggest areas for research into the phenomenon of attempted suicide in the elderly. Methodology The initial strategy was to undertake a library search at the local post graduate library and the local university library (Client: you might like to personalise this) on the key words â€Å"suicide, elderly, prevention strategies, industrialised societies†. This presented a great many papers. About 40 were selected and read to provide an overview of the literature in this area. During this phase, references were noted and followed up and key literary works were assimilated. The bulk of the papers accessed and read were published within the last decade, however a number of significant older references were also accessed if they had a specific bearing on a particular issue. The most significant references were accessed and digested. The dissertation was written referencing a selected sub-set of these works. Rationale for proposal To increase nurses knowledge and understanding of attempted suicide in the older age group and to highlight through the literature review, evidence based strategies that can be employed to ameliorate attempted suicide amongst the elderly. Literature review Before commencing the literature review, it is acknowledged that the literature on this subject is huge. The parameters of the initial search have been defined above. In addition it should be noted that there is a considerable literature on the subject of assisted suicide which has been specifically excluded from these considerations The literature base for suicide in the elderly is quite extensive and provides a good evidence base for understanding, appropriate action and treatment. (Berwick D 2005) One of the landmark papers in this area is by Hippie and Quinton(Hippie J et al. 1997) which provided a benchmark, not only on the aetiology of the subject, but also in the long term outcomes, which, in terms of potential nursing care input, is extremely important. The paper points to the fact that there is a good understanding of the absolute risk factors for suicide in the elderly but a comparative lack of good quality follow up studies in the area. It set out to identify100 cases of attempted suicide in the elderly and then follow them up over a period of years. The study was a retrospective examination of100 consecutive cases of attempted suicide that were referred to the psychiatric services over a four year period. The authors were able to make a detailed investigation (including an interview of many of the survivors), about four years later. Their findings have been widely quoted in the literature. Of particular relevance to our considerations here we note that they found that of the 100 cases identified, 42 were dead at the time of follow up. Of these, 12 were suspected suicides and five more had died as a result of complications of their initial attempt. There were 17further attempts at suicide in the remaining group. Significantly, the twelve women in the group all made non-lethal attempts whereas all five of the men made successful attempts. The authors were able to establish that the risk of further attempts at suicide (having made one attempt)was in excess of 5% per year and the â€Å"success† rate was 1.5% per year in this group. From this study we can also conclude that the risk of successful repeat attempted suicide is very much greater if the subjects male. The authors were also able to establish that, because of their initial attempt, those at risk of self-harm were likely to be in contact with the Psychiatric services and also suffering from persistent severe depression. We can examine the paper by Dennis (M et al. 2005) for a further insight into the risk factors that are identifiable in the at risk groups. This paper is not so detailed as the Hippie paper, but it differs in its construction as it is a control matched study which specifically considered the non-fatal self-harm scenario. The study compared two groups of age matched elderly people both groups had a history of depression but the active study group had, in addition, a history of self-harm. The significant differences highlighted by t his study were that those in the self-harm group were characterised by poorly integrated social network and had a significantly more hopeless ideation. This clearly has implications for intervention as, in the context of a care home or warden assisted setting, there is scope for improving the social integration of the isolated elderly, and in the domestic setting community support can provide a number of options to remove factors that mitigate towards social isolation. This would appear to be a positive step towards reducing the risk of further self harm. The O’Connell paper (O’Connell et al. 2004) is effectively a tour divorce on the pertinent issues. It is a review paper that cherry-picks the important information from other, quite disparate, studies and combines them into a coherent whole. It is extremely well written, very detailed, quite long and extremely informative. While it is not appropriate to consider the paper in its entirety, there are a number of f actors that are directly relevant to our considerations here and weshall restrict our comments to this aspect of the paper. In terms of the identification of the risk factors associated with attempted suicide in the elderly, it highlights psychiatric illnesses, most notably depression, and certain personality traits, together with physical factors which include neurological illnesses and malignancies. The social risk factors identified in the Dennis paper are expanded to include â€Å"social isolation, being divorced, widowed, or long term single†. The authors point to the fact that many of the papers referred to tend to treat the fact of suicide in reductionist terms, analysing it to its basic fundamentals. They suggest that the actual burden of suicide should also be considered in more human terms with consideration of the consequences for the family and community being understood and assessed. (Mason T et al. 2003) In terms of nursing intervention for suicide prev ention, we note that the authors express the hypothesis that sociality exists along a continuum from suicidal ideation, through attempted suicide, to completed suicide. It follows from this that a nurse, picking up the possibility of suicidal ideation, should consider and act on this as significant warning sign of possible impending action on the part of the patient. The authors point to the fact that the estimation of the actual significance of the various prevalence’s of suicide varies depending on the study (and therefore the definition) (Kirby M et al. 1997). In this context we should note that the findings do not support the ageist assumptions expounded earlier, on the grounds that the prevalence of either hopelessness or suicidal ideation in the elderly is reported asap to 17% (Kirby M et al. 1997), and there was a universal association with psychiatric illness, especially depressive illness. If we consider the prevalence of suicidal feelings in those elderly peop le who have no evidence of mental disorder, then it is as low as4%. It therefore seems clear that hopelessness and sociality are not the natural and understandable consequences of the ageing process as Freud and others would have us believe. This has obvious repercussions as far as nursing (and other healthcare) professionals are concerned, as it appears to be clearly inappropriate to assume that sociality is, in most cases, anything other than one of many manifestations of mental illness. It also follows from this, and this again has distinct nursing implications, that suicidal ideation and intent is only the tip of the iceberg when one considers the weight of psychological, physical and social health problems for the older person. (Warn M et al. 2002) If one considers evidence from studies that involve psychological autopsies, there is further evidence that psychopathology is involved. Depressive disorders were found in 95% in one study. (Duberstein P R teal. 1994) Psychotic di sorders and anxiety states were found to be poorly correlated with suicidal completion. Further evidence for this viewpoint comes from the only study to date which is a prospective cohort study in which completed suicide was the outcome measure. (Ross R K et al. 1990). This shows that the most reliable predictor of suicide was the self-rated severity of depressive symptoms. This particular study showed that those clients with the highest ratings were 23 times more likely to die as the result of suicide than those with the lowest ratings. It also noted that other independent risk factors (although not as strong), were drinking more than 3 units of alcohol per day and sleeping more than 9 hours a night. One further relevant point that comes from the O’Connell paper is the fact that expression of suicidal intent should never be taken lightly in the older age group. The authors cite evidence to show that this has a completely different pattern in the elderly when compared t ithe younger age groups. (Beauties A L 2002). The figures quoted show that if an elderly person undertakes a suicide attempt they are very much more likely to be successful than a younger one. The ratio of Para suicides to completed suicides in the adolescent age range is 200:1, in the general population it is between 8:1 and33:1 and in the elderly it is about 4:1. (Warn M et al. 2003). It follows that suicidal behaviour in the elderly carries a much higher degree of intent. This finding correlates with other findings of preferential methods of suicide in the elderly that have a much higher degree of lethality such as firearms and the use of hanging. (Jorum A Feet al. 1995). The paper by Cornwell (Y et al. 2001) considers preventative measures that can be put in place and suggests that independent risk factors commonly associated with suicide in the elderly can be expanded to include psychiatric and physical illnesses, functional impairment, personality traits of neuroticism a nd low openness to experience, and social isolation. And of these, t is affective illness that has the strongest correlation with suicide attempts. We have discussed(elsewhere) the correlation between impending suicide and contact with the primary care providers. Cornwell cites the fact that 70% of elderly suicides have seen a member of the primary healthcare team within 30days of their death and therefore proposes that the primary healthcare setting is an important venue for screening and intervention. It is suggested that mood disorders are commonplace in primary healthcare practice but, because they are comparatively common, are underdiagnosed and often inadequately treated (ageism again). The authors suggest that this fact alone points to the fact that one of the suicide prevention strategies that can be adopted by the primary healthcare team. they suggest that clinicians, whether they are medically qualified or nursing qualified, should be trained to identify this group a nd mobilise appropriate intervention accordingly. Obviously the community nurses can help in this regard as they are ideally placed to maximise their contact with vulnerable and high risk groups. We have identified the role of a major depressive illness in the aetiology of suicide in the elderly. Bruce (M L et al. 2002) considered the role of both reactive and idiopathic major depression in the population of the elderly in a nursing home setting. This has particular relevance to our considerations as firstly, on an intuitive level, one can possibly empathise with the reactive depressive elements of the elderly person finding themselves without independence in a residential or nursing home and secondly, this is perhaps the prime setting where the nurse is optimally placed to monitor the mood another risk factors of the patient and continual close quarters. The salient facts that we can take from this study are that there was substantial burden of major depressive symptomatology in this study group (13.5%). The majority (84%) were experiencing their first major depressive episode and therefore were at greatest risk of suicide. The depression was associated with comorbidity in the majority of cases including â€Å"medical morbidity, instrumental activities of daily living disability, reported pain, and a past history of depression but not with cognitive function or socio demographic factors.† All of these positive associations which could have been recognised as significant risk factors of suicide in the elderly. Significantly, in this study, only 22% of all of the seriously depressed patients were receiving antidepressant therapy and none were receiving any sort of psychotherapy. In addition to this the authors point to the fact that 31% of the patients who were put on antidepressants were taking a sub therapeutic dose (18% because they were purposely not complying with the dosage instructions). The conclusions that the authors were able to dr aw from this study were that major depression in the elderly was twice as common in the residential setting as opposed to those elderly patients still in the community. The majority of these depressed patients were effectively left untreated and therefore at significant risk of suicide. There was the obvious conclusion that a great deal more could be done for this study population in terms of relieving their social isolation and depressive illnesses. And, by extrapolation, for their risk of suicide. Ethical considerations. In consideration of the issue of suicide in the elderly we note that there are a number of ethical considerations but these are primarily in the field of assisted suicide which we have specifically excluded from this study. (Pabst Batten, M 1996) Evidence for positive nursing interventions Having established the evidence base in the literature that defines the risk factors that are known to be particularly associated with suicide in the elderly, we take it as read that this will form part of the knowledge base for the nurse to be alert to, and to identify those patients who are at particular risk of suicide. It is equally important to be aware of those factors that appear to confer a degree of protection against suicide. This will clearly also help to inform strategies of intervention for the nurse. Studies such as that by Gunnel (D et al. 1994) point to the fact that religiosity and life satisfaction were independent protective factors against suicidal ideation, and this factor was particularly noted in another study involving the terminally ill elderly where the authors noted that higher degrees of spiritual well-being and life satisfaction scores both independently predicted lower suicidal feelings. (McClain et al. 2003). The presence of a spouse or signific ant friend is a major protective factor against suicide. Although clearly it may not be an appropriate intervention for nursing care to facilitate the presence of a spouse(!) it may well be appropriate, particularly in residential settings, to facilitate social interactions and the setting up of possible friendships within that setting (Bertolote J M et al. 2003) Conclusions and discussion This Dissertation has considered the rationale behind the evidence base for nursing intervention and strategies to prevent or minimise suicide attempts in the elderly age group. We have outlined the literature which is directed at identification of the greatest â€Å"at risk† groups and this highlights the importance of the detection and treatment ofboth psychiatric disorders (especially major depression), and physical disorders (especially Diabetes Mellitus and gastric ulceration).(Thomas A J et al. 2004) Although we have been at pains to point out the relatively high and disproportionate incidence of suicide in the elderly, we should not lose sight of the fact that it is not a common event. One should not take the comments and evidence presented in this dissertation as being of sufficient severity to merit screening the entire elderly population. (Erlangen A et al. 2003) The thrust of the findings in this dissertation are that the screening should be entirely opportunis tic. The evidence base that we have defined should be utilised to identify those who are in high risk groups, for example, those with overt depressive illnesses, significant psychological and social factors, especially those who have a history of previous attempted suicide. The healthcare professional should not necessarily expect the elderly person to volunteer such information and if the person concerned is naturally withdrawn or reserved, minor degrees of depressive symptoms may not be immediately obvious. (Callahan C M teal. 1996). In terms of direct nursing intervention, this must translate into the need to be aware of such eventualities and the need to enquire directly about them. The nurse should also be aware that the presence of suicidal feelings in a patient with any degree of depression is associated with a lower response rate to treatment and also an increase in the need for augmentation strategies. The nurse should also be aware of the fact that these factors may indicate the need for secondary referral. (Gunnel D et al. 1994). If we accept the findings of Conwell (Y et al. 1991), then the estimated population at risk from significant mood disorder and therefore the possibility of attempted suicide in the elderly, is 74%.This can be extrapolated to suggest that if mood disorders were eliminated from the population then 74% of suicides would be prevented in the elderly age group. Clearly this is a theoretical viewpoint and has to be weighed against the facts that firstly â€Å"elimination† of mood disorders (even if it were possible), would only be achieved by treatment of all existing cases as well as prevention of new cases, and the secondary prevention of sub-clinical cases. We know, from other work, that the detection and treatment of depression in all age ranges is low, and even so only 52% of cases that reach medical attention make a significant response to treatment(Bertolote J M et al. 2003). These statistics reflect find ings from the whole population and the detection rates and response rates are likelyto lower in the elderly. (Wei F et al. 2003). It follows that although treatment of depressive illness is still the mainstay of treatment intervention as far as suicide prevention is concerned, preventative measures and vigilance at an individual level are also essential. Nursing interventions can include measures aimed at improving physical and emotional health together with improved social integration. Sometimes modification of lifestyle can also promote successful ageing and lead to an overall decrease in the likelihood of suicidal feelings. (Fischer L R et al. 2003) On a population level, public health measures designed to promote social contact, support where necessary, and integration into the community are likely to help reduce the incidence of suicide in the elderly, particularly if we consider the study by Cornwell (Y et al.1991) which estimated the independent risk factor for low leve ls of social contact in the elderly population as being 27%. Some communities have provided telephone lines and this has been associated with significant reduction in the completed suicide in the elderly (Fischer R et al. 2003) To return to specific nursing interventions, one can also suggest measures aimed at reducing access to, or availability of the means for suicide such as restricting access to over the counter medicines.(Slog I et al. 1996), Some sources (Castell H 2000) point to the possibility of introducing opportunistic screening in the primary healthcare setting. The rationale behind this suggestion is the realisation that there is high level of contact between the suicidal elderly person and their primary healthcare team in the week before suicide (20-50%) and in the month before suicide (40-70% make contact). This is particularly appropriate to our considerations here because of the progressively increasing significance of the role of the nurse within the primary healthcare team particularly at the first point of contact. (Houston, Ret al. 2002) The evidence base for this point of view is strengthened by reference to the landmark Gotland study (Ruts W et al. 1989) which examined the effect of specific training in suicide awareness and prevention in the primary healthcare team by providing extensive suicide awareness training and measures to increase the facilitation of opportunistic screening of the population. Prior to the intervention, the authors noted that, when compared to young adults, the elderly were only 6% as likely to be asked about suicide and 20% as likely to be asked if they felt depressed and 25% as likely to be referred to mental health specialist. This balance was restored almost to normality after the intervention. Suicide in the elderly is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon. It appears to be the case that the elderly tend to be treated with different guidelines from the young suicidal patient insofar as the increa sed risk is not met with increased assistance. (Kouras L et al.2002). We have presented evidence that the factors included in this discrepancy may include the higher overall number of young suicides, the higher economic burden that society appears to carry for each young suicide together with ageist beliefs about the factors concerning suicide in the elderly. From the point of view of nursing intervention, both in a hospital and in a community setting, there should be greater emphasis placed on measures such as screening and prevention programmes targeted at the at-risk elderly. There is equally a need for aggressive intervention if depression or suicidal feelings are overtly expressed, particularly in the relevant subgroups where additional risk factors may be active, for example those with comorbid medical conditions or social isolation or recent bereavement. (Harwood D et al. 2001), Many of the elderly spend their last years in some form of sheltered accommodation, whether this is a nursing home, a hospital, warden assisted housing or being cared for by the family. (Haut B J et al.1999) In the vast majority of cases this is associated with a loss of independence, increasing frailty and an increasing predisposition to illness that comes with increasing age. (Juurlink D N et al. 2004).This loss of independence and increasing predisposition to illness is also associated with depressive illnesses of varying degrees. (Bruce ML et al. 2002). These patients are arguably, by a large, more likely to come into contact with the nurses in the community. (Munson M L 1999)The comments that we have made elsewhere relating to the nurse’s role in being aware of the implications for the depressed elderly patient are particularly appropriate in this demographic subgroup. As a general rule, it may be easier to keep a watchful eye on patients who are exhibiting early signs of depressive illness or mood disorder in this situation by making arrangements to visit o n a regular basis or on â€Å"significant anniversaries† such as the death of a spouse or a wedding anniversary. (Nagatomo I et al. 1998) when the risk factors for suicide increase dramatically (Schonberg H C et al. 1998) The literature in this area is quite extensive and covers many of the aspects of suicide in the elderly. It is noticeable however, that there is a great deal of literature on the subject of risk factors and associations of suicide together with plenty of papers which quote statistics that relate the various trends and incidences. There are, by comparison, only a few papers which emphasise and reflect on the positive aspects of nursing care. The positive steps that can be taken by the nursing profession specifically to help to minimise the burden of suicidal morbidity. There is clearly scope for studies in areas such as the impact that a dedicated community nurse might have on the levels of depression in the community if regular visits were timetabled. It is fair to observe that the community mental health nurses fulfil this role to a degree, but are severely hampered in most cases by sheer weight of numbers in the caseload. (Mason T et al. 2003) Having made these observations, we must conclude that there appears tube an overwhelming case for opportunistic screening of the at risk elderly at any point of contact with a healthcare professional. It is part of the professional remit of any nurse to disseminate their specific professional learning with others. (Yuri H et al. 1998). This can either be done on an informal professional basis in terms of mentorship or, if appropriate in a lecture or seminar situation.(Houston, R et al. 2002). There clearly is little merit in critically evaluating the literature and creating one’s own evidence base if it is not disseminated to one’s professional colleagues. (Hunt T 1994) Reflections John Dewey is generally credited with first propounding the concept of reflective thinking in the early part of the 20th century. He initially defined it as an â€Å"active, persistent and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusion to which it tends.† (Dewey J1933). Over the passage of time this concept has been refined and expanded by a number of educationalists and thinkers such as Taylor(2000) who included the concept of not only considering the recall of memories of events, but also constructing plans and strategies so as to deal with similar situations, should they occur again, with the benefit of the reflective experience. Palmer points to this concept as being dynamic process which allows the healthcare professional to build personal knowledge base to enhance their practice and therefore grow in professional stature. (Palmer 2005) Other academics have defined the proces s further and in different directions. Boyd and False (1983) placed the emphasis on reflection as a learning experience rather than simply a process and Scion (1987), in the course of extensive writing on the subject sub-divided the opportunities for reflection into â€Å"reflection in action† and â€Å"reflection on action†, the former being the process whereby the healthcare professional adapts their professional practice whilst working and the latter is a process of quiet contemplation. It is this latter process that is being adopted here. It should be noted that the concept of reflection as being a useful adjunct to the learning cycle Gibbs, G (1988) is not universally accepted. James and Clarke (cited in Atkins, S. Murphy, K. 1993)suggest that asking some healthcare professional to engage in critical analysis of their practice may actually result in some practitioners not engaging at all. They point to the fact that some practitioners seem incapable of accu rate recall of a past situation indulging in what the authors call hindsight bias. This effectively means that the practitioner finds it difficult to consider the situation in any way other than that which compliments the already known outcome. (Goodmann,J. 1989). Quite clearly one must be prepared to take a completely dispassionate look at any given situation if any significant learning experience is to be gained from it. Reflection on the learning experience that writing this literature review has provided has proved to be very useful and educational experience. Prior to writing, I had clearly appreciated that the elderly had a greater tendency to appear to be depressed and in low mood. On reflection I believe that I may well have subscribed to the ageist ideas that have been outlined in the introduction of this piece and considered that the fate of feeling of little value to society together with the increased weight of probable morbidity, was part of the natural scheme of reaching old age, and was a reasonable intuitive explanation for feeling occasionally miserable or indeed becoming depressed when the person concerned reflected upon their own situation. I do not believe that I had actively considered this viewpoint before, but that I had come to an unchallenged appreciation of the situation from uncritical clinical experience. Having gone through the process of the literature assimilation prior tithe preparation of the review, I realised that this assimilation proved to be something of a catalyst and that the causes of depression in the elderly may well be to a degree, reactive. This does not necessarily mean that they are untreatable or modifiable. The comments made by a number of authors quoted (and others that have been read but not included in this piece), show that it is quite possible to take simple, but effective, steps to reduce social isolation and to help lift depression but the fact of the matter is that it needs to be clearly iden tified first. In real terms, I believe that this can be most effectively done by keeping the possibility firmly in mind when one is dealing with an elderly person and opportunistically screening for it, perhaps not formally, but certainly by asking relevant and probing questions in an empathetic manner. It is clear that depression in the elderly is a significant problem. It clearly has a much greater impact on the incidence of suicide in the elderly as a group than it does in the younger age ranges. I feel that the knowledge that I have gained in preparing and producing this review will help me to understand and empathise better with the situation that many of the elderly find themselves in. I hope that such an understanding will help to improve my professional behaviour in approaching the clinical problems surrounding the elderly patient. References Adcock P, 2003 Social policy in Britain, Macmillan 2003. Atkins, S. Murphy, K. 1993 Reflection: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 18 (8), 1188-1192. Beauties A L. 2002 A case control study of suicide and attempted suicide in older adults. Suicide Life Threat Behave 2002 ; 32 : 1-9. Bertolote J M, Fleischmann A, De Leo D, Wasserman D. 2003 Suicide and mental disorders: do we know enough? Br J Psychiatry 2003 ; 183 : 382-3. Berwick D 2005 Broadening the view of evidence-based medicine Qual. Safe. Health Care, Oct 2005 ; 14 : 315 316. Boyd, E. False, A. 1983 Reflective Learning: Key to Learning from Experience. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 23 (2) , 99-117. Breeching A. Brown, H and Erbium (2000) Critical Practice in Health and Social Care Open University, Milton Keynes 2000 Bruce, M L., Gail J. Malay, Patrick J. Rouà ©, Ellen L. Brown, Barnett’s. Meyers, Denis J. Ethane, , David R. Pagoda, and Carol Weber 2002 M ajor Depression in Elderly Home Health Care Patients Am J Psychiatry 159 : 1367-1374, August 2002 Callahan C M, Hendry H C, Ninebark N A, Tierney W M. 1996 Suicidal ideation among primary care patients. J Am Geriatric Sock 1996 ; 44 : 1205-9. Carrick P 2000 Medical Ethics in the Ancient World Georgetown University press 2000 ISBN: 0878408495 Castell H 2000 Suicide in the elderly Advances in Psychiatric Treatment : 2000 (6) : 102-8 Conwell Y, Duberstein P R, Cox C, Hermann J H, Forbes N T, Caine E D. 1996 Relationships of age and axis I diagnoses in victims of completed suicide: a psychological autopsy study. Am J Psychiatry 1996 ; 153 : 1001-8 Conwell Y, Olsen K, Caine E D, Flannery C. 1991 Suicide in later life: psychological autopsy findings. Into Psychogeriatric 1991 ; 3 : 59-66. Conwell Y, Lines J M, Duberstein P, Cox C, Siletz L, Di Giorgio A, et al. 2000 Completed suicide among older patients in primary care practices: a controlled study. J Am Ge riatric Sock 2000 ; 48 : 23-9. Conwell Y Paul R. Duberstein 2001 Suicide in Elders Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 932 : 132-150 (2001) Conwell Y, Duberstein P R, Caine E D. 2002 Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biol Psychiatry 2002 ; 52 : 193-204 Dennis M, Wakefield P, Molloy C, Andrews H, Friedman T 2005 Self-harm in older people with depression: Comparison of social factors, life events and symptoms Br. J. Psychiatry, June 1, 2005 ; 186 (6) : 538 539. Dewey, J. 1933 How We Think. A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educative process (Revised end.), Boston: D. C. Heath. 1933 Duberstein P R, Conwell Y, Caine E D. 1994 Age differences in the personality characteristics of suicide completers: preliminary findings from a psychological autopsy study. Psychiatry 1994 ; 57 : 213-24. Erlangen A, Bile-Brahe U, Jejune B. 2003 Differences in suicide between the old and the oldest old. J Gerontology B Psyche Sci Sock Sc i 2003 ; 58 : S314-22. Fischer L R, Wei F, Solberg L I, Rush W A, Heinrich R L. 2003 Treatment of elderly and other adult patients for depression in primary care. J Am Geriatric Sock 2003 ; 51 : 1554-62 Gibbs, G 1988 Learning by doing: A guide to Teaching and Learning methods EMU Oxford Brookes University, Oxford. 1988 Goodman, J. 1989 Reflection and Teacher Education: A Case Study and Theoretical Analysis. Interchange 15 (3) , 926. Gunnel D, Frankel S. 1994 Prevention of suicide: aspirations and evidence. BMJ 1994 ; 308 : 1227-33. Harwood D, Haw ton K, Hope T, Jacoby R. 2001 Psychiatric disorder and personality factors associated with suicide in older people: a descriptive and case-control study. not J Geriatric Psychiatry 2001 ; 16 : 155-65. Haut B J, Jones A: 1999 The National Home and Hospice Care Survey: 1996 summary. Vital Health Stat 1999 ; 13 : 1-238 Hippie J, Quinton C. 1997 One hundred cases of attempted suicide in the elderly. Br J Psychi atry 1997 ; 171 : 42-6 Houston, R. Simpson, P. M. 2002 Foundations in nursing practice 2nd Edition, London: Palgrave Macmillan. 2002 Hunt T 1994 Ethical issues in Nursing London: Rutledge 1994 Jorum A F, Henderson A S, Scott R, Kurten A E, Christensen H, Mackinnon A J. 1995 Factors associated with the wish to die in elderly people. Age Ageing 1995 ; 24 : 389-92. Juurlink D N, N. Herrmann, J. P. Scalia, A. Kopp, and D. A. Redeliver Medical Illness and the Risk of Suicide in the Elderly Archives of Internal Medicine, June 14, 2004 ; 164 (11) : 1179 1184. Kirby M, Bruce I, Radica A, Oakley D, Lawler B A. 1997 Hopelessness and suicidal ideation among the community dwelling elderly in Dublin. Ire J Psyche Med 1997 ; 14 : 124-7 Kouras L, Gournellis R, Fortes A, Coulis P, Christodoulou G N. 2002 Psychotic (delusional) major depression in the elderly and suicidal behaviour. J Affect Discord 2002 ; 69 : 225-9. Mason T and Whitehead E 2003 Thinking Nursing. Open University. Maidenhead. 2003 McClain, Rosenfeld B, Breitbart W. 2003 Effect of spiritual wellbeing on end of life despair in terminally ill cancer patients. Lancet 2003 ; 361 : 1603-7. Munson M L : 1999 Characteristics of Elderly Home Health Care Users: Data From the1994 National Home and Hospice Care Survey: Advanced Data From Vital and Health Statistics 309. Hyattsville, Md, National Center for Health Statistics, 1999 Nagatomo I, Takigawa M: 1998 Mental status of the elderly receiving home health services and the associated stress of home helpers. Into J Geriatric Psychiatry 1998 ; 13 : 57-63 OConnell H , A.-V. Chin, C. Cunningham, and B. A Lawler Recent developments: Suicide in older people BMJ, October 16, 2004 ; 329 (7471) : 895 899. Pabst Batten, M., 1996, The Death Debate. Ethical Issues in Suicide, Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 1996 Palmer 2005 Learning about reflection from the student Bulpitt and Martin Active Learning in Hi gher Education.2005 ; 6 : 207-217. Ross R K, Bernstein L, Trent L, Henderson B E, Paganini-Hill A. 1990 A prospective study of risk factors for traumatic death in the retirement community. Prev Med 1990 ; 19 : 323-4. Rubenowitz E, Warn M, Wilelmson K, Allbeck P. 2001 Life events and psychosocial factors in elderly suicides—case-control study. Psyche Med 2001 ; 31 : 1193-202 Ruts W, von Knorring L, Walinder J. 1989 Frequency of suicide on Gotland after systematic postgraduate education general practitioners. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989 ; 80 : 151-5. Scion, D. 1987 Educating the Reflective Practitioner. Jossey Bass, San Francisco. 1987 Schonberg H C, Mulsant B, Schulz R, Rollman B L, Houck P R, Reynolds C F III: 1998 Characteristics and course of major depression in older primary care patients. Into J Psychiatry Med 1998 ; 28 : 421-436 Slog I, Aevarsson O, Beskow J, Larsson L, Palsson S, Warn M, et al. 1996 Suicidal feelings in a population sample of no n-demented 85 year olds. Am J Psychiatry 1996 ; 153 : 1015-20. Soutine K, Henriksson M, Isometsa E, Conwell Y, Heila H, Lonnqvist J. 2003 Nursing home suicides—a psychological autopsy study. Into J Geriatric Psychiatry 2003 ; 18 : 1095-101 Taylor, E. 2000. Building upon the theoretical debate: A critical review of the empirical studies of Mezirow’s transformative learning theory. Adult Education Quarterly, 48 (1) , 34-59. 2000 Thomas A J, Kalaria R N, O’Brien J T. 2004 Depression and vascular disease: what is the relationship? J Affect Discord 2004 ; 79 : 81-95. 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Analysis Of The Movie Lila And Eve Essay - 1637 Words

Abstract – please remove this when submitting your paper In the movie Lila and Eve Lila suffers from a number of disorders. All combined is what makes her schizophrenic. What I would like to know is can or did her major depression trigger Lila s schizophrenia? If so, how does schizophrenia and major depression go hand and hand as well as how does one go about treating both? In the movie Lila and eve, Lila is a single mother of two. Lila is struggling to raise to raise two boys, when her oldest son Stephen is killed in a drive by shooting. Lila stayed in a provident stricken neighborhood (the ghetto) that was majority African American. In the midst of a gang war over turf Lila s oldest son Stephen was killed walking home, he was at the wrong place at the wrong time. At first Lila was in denial, then she felt guilty then after the guilt she was angry. These are some of the basic symptoms of grief. It was not until she met â€Å"Eve† that she started to actually come to terms with her son Stephens’s death. One of the main reasons for her anger was that the police officers that was overseeing her case seemed not to care. To them Stephen was just another black kid that was killed due to gang related violence. Another setback came when she found a gun in her son’s book bag her world came crashing down. Lila copping mechanism was a way to block out the pain, as well as the world was (to clean), so she developed obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). As timeShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Lila And Eve Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesIn the movie Lila And Eve Lila suffers from a number of disorders. All combined is what makes her schizophrenic. What I would like to know is can or did her major depression trigger Lila s schizophrenia? If so how does schizophrenia and major depression go hand and hand as well as how does one go about treating both. In the movie Lila and eve, Lila is a single mother of two. Lila is struggling to raise to raise two boys, when her oldest son Stephen is killed in a drive

Management Cost Accounting and North Country Auto

Case Analysis Questions Patten Corporation I find this a very rich case that makes for a great introduction to my course. To get the most out of it, you need to spend some time thinking about what the company does. Read the case carefully. 1. What does Patten Corporation do? What does it buy? What goods or services does it sell? How does Patten make money? 2. Is Patten profitable or unprofitable? If it is profitable, what does the company do that makes it profitable? If profitable, is it likely to remain profitable? If not profitable, why not? If not profitable, will it ever become profitable? Why or why not? Is it cash flow positive or cash flow negative? If cash positive, why? Is it likely to remain cash†¦show more content†¦North Country Auto, Inc. This tiny little business has all of the complexities of the largest corporations. You can learn a lot from studying this simple firm. 1. How do you think car retailers like North Country Auto make money? 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