'Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics\r'

' there has been a long-standing debate whether the circle or characteristics of a specific beingnessness or humans being is dependent on the milieu or its familial makeup although scientific selective information collected in recent years focalise to the interaction among these 2. According to experts in the field, the physical, chemical substance and behavioral properties of a person potentiometer be attributed to the interaction between the blueprint which is brokertics and the psychometric test site which is the environment. Genetic makeup fuel be considered a blueprint wherein properties regarding growth and inducement of an organism is stored and copied date environment can be regarded as the actual dynamism of living and nonliving factors that outfox and stir the organism.\r\nCurrently, there atomic number 18 dickens polemical argonas of interest think to food, wellness and well being, the nutrigenomics and nutri geneticals. These two fields involve the study of implications between comestible, transfiguration and genetic mechanisms. Proponents of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetic comprehension believe that victual plays a bouncy character reference in the metabolous processes inside the consistency and that there be specific nutrition and fluids that ar countenance for a particular genetic makeup.\r\nThis story aims to differentiate between nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics and their role in the period nutrition re inquisition. The goals, applications and implications leave alone be likewise enumerated. In addition current look intoes that delve into this argona will be included to better beneathstand the prox and impact of this controversial science.\r\nGoals and Implications of Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics\r\nAccording to Mariman (2007) one of the elementary goals of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics is to pinpoint solid food-dependent health characteristics and nutrition-dependent unhealthinesss. This revolves o n the fact that accepted genetic rowdyisms be triggered by particular viands or be relieved by certain supplements. These beas on grievous nutritive-dependent genetic causalitys are the ones gaining inaugural attention but there are different interrogation fields that are equall(a)y important and can be considered part of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics.\r\nAn theoretical account is the search for nutritional strategies to prevent or manage weighed d make or obesity. The purpose is to find food types that can easily induce satiety to bear upon persons while providing the needed nutrients at the same time. Anformer(a) physical exertion is studying mechanisms involving food fermentation by unmannered organisms in the digestive tract and in an unreal term.\r\nSuch information will be enlighten regarding better and efficient digestion. The other area connected to nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics concerns food composition and performance of quality judicial decisi on by studying the interconnectivity of the proteomic and metabolic pathways that will be explained next (Burton & group A; Stewart, 2004; Mariman, 2007).\r\nUndoubtedly, there will be a sizable impact on the food industry, genetics and disease search all round the world when the direct and exact mechanisms and applications of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics are hardened down through scientific and intensive look into (Burton & angstrom unit; Stewart, 2004).\r\nEffects of Nutrient on the Genome, Proteome and Metabolome\r\n living is believed to be influencing the genetic and metabolic makeup of an organism in three basic levels. These are on the level of the genome, proteome and metabolome. Genome is the overall genetic blueprint of an organism. It includes all the genes and other regions of the base of operations sequences in all the chromosomes that are transferred from the parent to the forwardspring. According to studies concerning nutrient and genomics, certain genes are either turned on or off by the presence, abundance or absence seizure of a particular nutrient. Severe imbalance in nutrition adversely affects an separate due to the expression of genes that makes that individual liable(predicate) to chronic diseases (Paturel, 2006).\r\nAccording to Paturel (2006), antioxidants are an archetype of molecular food components that can extensively affect the genome and gene expression of an individual. Certain diseases such as cancer and health conditions such as agedness are believed to be associated to the omit of antioxidants in the pabulum of affected persons.\r\nAnother very important nutrient that can severely affect the genome is vitamin Bc. Folate and folic sour, which are forms of vitamin B9, play a very important role in the deoxy understructure acid (DNA) synthesis, replication and repair. This means that absence of this said nutrient can lead to depletion of genetic material, errors in DNA replication and damage to the genome. T his lack of folate in the nourishment can moderate to severe healthcare problems such as stimulate defects and cardiovascular disease among important genetic disorders (Meshkin & Blum, 2007).\r\nOn the proteome and metabolome level, nutrition also has large impact. An ensample is the inability to process or digest take out proteins. This condition is attributed to lactose intolerance in persons with disruptions in intestinal enzyme needed to digest dairy products. This condition induces the body to synthesize morphine-like compounds which triggers autism and schizophrenia when absorbed by specific regions of the brain. The goal, therefore, is to design food supplements that would prevent lactose intolerance and consequently prevent autism and schizophrenia (Paturel, 2006).\r\nDifferences between Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics\r\nNutrigenomics is defined as a set of expert research and applications involving the elucidation of the mechanisms wherein the genetic program mathematical operation in cells and tissues of an organism is supposedly temptd by the organism’s diet. ponderer and Kersten (2003) defines nutrigenomics as the application in nutrition research of high throughput genomics tools by analyzing dietary signals in cells and tissues towards clarification of the impact of nutrition on homeostasis. Simply put, nutrigenomics is the merging of nutritional environment and cellular or genetic functions (Kaput & Rodriguez, 2004).\r\nNutrigenetics, on the other hand, is the use of genetic variation data agree with dietary health lucks. Nutrigenetics is based on the assertion that there is genetic variation in human populations and that an individual’s result to nutrition is governed by divers(a) genes. Thus, nutrigeneticists claim that individuals whitethorn react differently on different diets which imply that nutrition-related disorders can be treated and prevent by modifying diet. This includes identifying those gen es that are involved, the differences of these genes in every individual and the applications for health and disease in the population setting.\r\nThe above definitions give a fall out view of the differences between nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics. Nutrigenomics looks at the whole response of the genome on particular diet or nutrition. Studies conducted under nutrigenomics use a set of individuals who are largely dissimilar in metabolic responses to particular diet. For example, research related to obesity uses those that are not susceptible to the said condition versus individuals that meet obesity or chronic obesity.\r\nUsing different types of nutritional apparatus or specific food groups, scientists aim to impart the metabolic pathways that are specific to developing obesity or resistance to such tendency. Another example is diabetes or cardiovascular disease wherein individuals who are fix to throw high risks on such diseases are examined on their reaction to particular diet or nutrition. Other examples of single gene traits that have large healthcare impacts are those involved in phenylketonuria and galactosemia (Kaput & Rodriquez, 2004).\r\nNutrigenetics, on the other hand, looks on the population response to diet or nutrition. Sequence variations are detection through molecular studies. An example of such molecular tool is the study of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These changes in the nucleotide sequence of subjects can add together an explanation on the reaction of particular individuals in relation to the reaction of other individuals.\r\nPersons with this changes or SNPs whitethorn have crucial substation leading to a health care condition. For example, a cytosine-to-thymidine substitution may feat an increase in the levels of homocysteine in the plasma which increases a person’s risk of acquiring venous thromboembolic disease and neural tube defects (Subbiah, 2006).\r\nSince the two areas of research differ on the part and extent of patient role role characteristics, therefore the tools and applications largely vary. Nutrigenomics involve various proficient implements to ascertain the expression of target genes. Nutrigenomics uses mRNA profiling, protein profiling, metabolite profiling, gene expression tests and other molecular tools. The goal is to witness the presence of a particular enzyme, protein, by-product or metabolite in the cells, tissues or system in the subjects subjected to nutrients being tested (Mariman, 2007).\r\nOn the other hand, nutrigenetics requires the use of genetic polymorphism tests such as isozyme or nucleotide sequencing. The aim is to detect changes or polymorphisms in a person that is divergent from that of the population. Of important interest is set in cases of known conditions arising from nucleotide changes such as the one mentioned above involving cytosine-to-thymidine substation which resulted to neural tube defects (Kaput & Rodriguez, 2004; Subbiah, 2006)\r\nObviously, since the target areas of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics are very different from severally other, the intervention strategies or treatments should also be divergent. Whereas personally-tailored nutrition and supplements should be given to patients in nutrigenomics the nutrients or supplements to be given to nutrigenetics subjects may be less specific. For example, for those pitiful from galactosemia and phenylketonuria, appropriate foods are to be given to head off or prevent the negative nubs of these health conditions (Wallace, 2006; Kaput & Rodriguez, 2007).\r\nNutrigenetics, on the other hand, covers a large portion of the population wherein functional foods and supplements may be made getable to the market for bulk who have the risk, as tested by polymorphism detection, of a disease or health condition such as cardiovascular disease or obesity. Supplements that lower cholesterol that adversely affects certain groups may be taken as prescribed by physicians (Meshkin & Blum, 2007; Subbiah 2006).\r\nCurrent query in Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics\r\n original research on folate nutrigenomics research highlighted the enormousness of this vitamin in the development of humans such that absence can invariably lead to support defects. Research by Meshkin & Blum (2007) found high intimacy between folate and cardiovascular disease and birth defects reduction. They were also to able to find the genetic influence on folate. Studies such as this led to the recap of current policies regarding one-size- add togethers-all government approach of folate and folic acid supplementation.\r\nChen et al. (2007) found chromium picolinate to have anti-obesity nutrient traits since it affects body composition and reduces fish in humans. They achieved this by genotyping the dopamine D2 receptor gene using normal polymerase chain reaction techniques. Using placebo and different treatment of chromium picolinate, the authors found the si gnificant therapeutic effect of the said nutritional compound in influencing weight loss and reduction in body fat. Their results conventional the need for DNA testing for this application.\r\nHeuvel (2007) conducted a research regarding the make of pistachios on cardiovascular disease risk factors. His research included effects of pistachios on lipoproteins and lipids, apolipoproteins, insulin, tide rip pressure and genetic expression of various genes among other related factors. Results showed that cholesterol reduction diet with pistachios greatly improved the efficiency. In addition, increasing pistachio pane of glass also increased the benefits in decreasing the cardiovascular disease risk on subjects. The said research was achieved by considering the different risk factors in a nutrition genomics experiment. Aside from this study, the author has other proposed experiments including the effects of walnuts on hypercholesterolemia and peanuts on cardiovascular health.\r\nHoli ck (2006) reiterated available and extensive evidence on the richness of vitamin D related to prevention and treatment of rickets, osteoporosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, many common cancers and hypertension. His paper put importance on sun exposure and vitamin D supplements to debar vitamin D deficiency and avert succumbing to various diseases which unconnected from the above, includes also psoriasis, multiple sclerosis and cardiovascular disease among others.\r\nResearchers from the National Institute of Diabetes and digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) are currently in search for answers regarding celiac disease, a disorder wherein a person cannot tolerate a protein in wheat, rye, barley and oats called gluten. Aside from designing diet that would be beneficial for patients suffering from celiac disease, these researchers are also in the hunt for the responsible chemicals in the demolition of the function of the immune system. They are engineering enzymes       Â Â Â Â Â  that can neutralize or destroy immunotoxic peptides produced in affected persons by establishing the environmental and genetic aspects of the disease (NIDDK, 2007).\r\n preceding(prenominal) advances in the nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics research are indeed dissolute paced and covers multiple fronts due to the large impact of their results to the food, genetics and healthcare industry. What is very noticeable is the specific cerebrate of each research team on particular areas in individual disease or disorder. Their studies are more focused because the causes already been identified by the involved pathways or gened. This is due to the fact that causes have been pinpointed to the key genes or pathways involved. For example, folate, chromium picolinate and vitamin D in the enumerated researches above have been isolated by workers in these fields.\r\nOne noticeable pattern, however, is the prominence of nutrigenomics over nutrigenetics. at that place are mor e research activities being conducted tackling the effect of nutrition on the genome reaction. More gene expression, metabolic pathways and proteomic analyses are being performed than genetic diversity tests in relation to nutrition. In other words, the approach of nutrition genomics is currently more adapted to personalized diet design since this can be considered a quick fix.\r\nHowever, the trend is not towards the dominant use of nutrigenomics. Instead, there is a need for nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics to be used in junto. This is because nutrigenomics can put solutions on the gene, protein and metabolic level of the disease but those that are suffering from various disorders are not isolated or few.\r\nThere are large proportions in the population who are affected by diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic obesity, diabetes or celiac disease and each patient is unique and groups in every population are also deemed to be unique in their own genetic makeup. Sinc e nutrigenomics can be used to develop quick-fix diet but not in a population level. This is where nutrigenetics should come in.\r\nIn summary, nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics are two differing fields of modern nutrition and health science with a very large impact on the food and healthcare industry. Nutrigenomics aims to help individuals overcome disorders or disease by identifying key genes, proteins and metabolic pathways and providing appropriate diet or supplements while nutrigenetics tackles the variations in populations related to diet and nutrition dependent disease or disorders.\r\nCurrent researches delve into the specific effects of food and nutrition to the risks and development of known disorders such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, birth defects and many others. Although there have been more work being conducted in nutrigenomics, combination with nutrigenetics is seen to have more beneficial results for patients and other state that are at risk t o the said healthcare problems.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nBurton, H. and A. Stewart. (2004). Nutrigenomics. The Nuffield Trust. functional from: www.leatherheadfood.com/nutrigenomics/nutrigenomics07.pdf [18 November 2007]\r\nChen, T., Blum, K., Kaats, G., et al. (2007). Chromium picolinate (CrP) a putative(prenominal) anti-obesity nutrient induces changes in body composition as a function of the Taq1 dopamine D2 receptor polymorphisms in a randomized double-blind placebo controlled study. Gene Ther. Mol. Biol. (11) :161-170. forthcoming from www.dnasoa.com/2006/pdf/cpp.pdf [17 November 2007]\r\nHolick, M.F. (2006). naughty prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. Mayo Clin. Proc. 81(3). operable from  [17 November 2007]\r\nKaput, J. and R. Rodriguez. (2004). Nutritional genomics: the next frontier in the postgenomic era. Physiol. Genomics (16): 166-177. Available from physiolgenomics.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/16/2/166 [17 November 2007]\r\nKaput, J., Perl ina, A., Hatipoglu, B., Bartholomew, A. and Y. Nikolsky. (2007). Nutriggenomics: concepts and applications to pharmacogenomics and clinical medicine. Pharmacogenomics 8 (4). Available from: www.genego.com/PubFTP/PharmacogenomicsKaput.pdf [18 November 2007]\r\nMariman. E..C. (2007). Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics. Research Institute NUTRIM. Maastricht University plane section of Human Biology. Available from:  [18 November 2007]\r\nMeshkin, B and K. Blum. (2007). Folate nutrigenetics: A convergence of dietary folate metabolism, folic acid supplementation, and folate antagonist  pharmacogenetics. Drug Metabolism Letters. (2): 55-60. Available from: www.bentham.org/dml/samples/dml1-1/Blum.pdf [18 November 2007]\r\nMuller M, Kersten S. (2003). Nutrigenomics: goals and strategies. Nat Rev Genet. 4(4):315-22.\r\nNIDKK. (2007). Celiac disease. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. National Institutes of Health. Available from: digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ dd iseases/pubs/celiac/ [18 November 2007]\r\nPaturel, A. (2006). Does your diet fit your genes? IDEA Fitness Journal. Available from: www.dswfitness.com/docs/2006IDEANutrition1.pdf [18 November 2007]\r\nSubbiah, M.T. (2006). Nutrigenetics and nutraceuticals: the next ruffle riding on personalized medicine. Translational Research. Available from: www.mdl-labs.com/documents/Nutrigenetics.pdf [18 November 2007]\r\nVanden Heuvel, J.P. (2007). Regulation of gene expression by atomic receptors: Role in toxicology, chemoprevention and nutrition. Penn State University Department of vet and Biomedical Sciences. Available from [17 November 2007]\r\nWallace, H. (2006). Your diet tailored to your genes: Preventing diseases or misleading marketing? GeneWatch UK. Available from:[19 November 2007]\r\n \r\n'