Amblyopia Essays -- Medicine Medical Eye Papers

Amblyopia This paper provides a brief description of amblyopia and discusses current research regarding the motion pathway in individuals with amblyopia. Amblyopia is a condition in which visual acuity in one eye is greatly reduced. It is caused by lack of stimulation or disuse during visual discipline (Rose, 1998). Because the eye is non fully developed at birth (Jarvis, 1992, as cited in Rose, 1998), infants need stimulation to complete the visual neural pathway. When one or both eyes are inhibited, for example due to misalignment of one eye (strabismus) or a large difference in refractive power amidst two eyes (anisometropia), the neural pathway for the inhibited eye develops ab expressionly, or does not develop at all. At approximately six years of develop eye development is complete (Stager, 1990, as cited in Rose, 1998). Before visual development is complete amblyopia can be treated. If it is caught and treated at an early age, normal vision can be preserved (Rose, 1998).Th ere are several types of amblyopia. Researchers must be aware of the various types of amblyopia because the effects for each are not always consistent. Strabismic amblyopia is caused when the two eyes are out of alignment due to weak musculature. Anisometropic amblyopia is a result of a large difference in refractive power of an individuals eyes. Another form of amblyopia results when visual information does not reach the retina. This is called stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Meridional amblyopia is a result of the diffused images caused by astigmatism. Researchers often discover that there are differences between groups of amblyopes based on type. For example, Levi and his colleagues (1994) discovered differences in vernier acuity between anisomet... ...9-1944.Hess, R. F., & Anderson, S. J. (1993). Motion sensitivity and spacial undersampling in amblyopia. visual sensation Research, 33, 881-896.Hess, R. F., Demanins, R., & Bex, P. J. (1997). A reduced motion aftereffect in strabi smic amblyopia. Vision Research, 37, 1303-1311.Kubova, Z., Miroslav, K., Juran, J., & Blakemore, C. (1996). Is the motion system relatively spared in amblyopia? Evidence from cortical evoked responses. Vision Research, 36, 181-190.Levi, D. M., Klein, S. A., & Wang, H. (1994). Amblyopic and peripheral vernier acuity a test-pedestal approach. Vision Research, 34, 3265-3292.Levi, D. M., & Polat, U. (1996). Neural plasticity in adults with amblyopia Abstract. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 93, 6830.Rose, S. E. (1998). Amblyopia the silent thief. The daybook of School Health, 68, 2, 76-79.

Home School Or School House :: essays research papers fc

Schoolhouse or Home School?What do George working capital and the Hanson brothers have in common? Do you give up? Well, the answer is that both of them were educated in their homes. Queen Elizabeth, Thomas Edison, and Theodore Roosevelt were also educated at home. According to the Home Education Research Institute, 1.5 million pupils argon staying home for class today. This number is five times more than ten years past (Kantrow and Wingert 66). This trend leads to many questions. Does home naturalise education work? Do students receive a proper education? How does a home school students education compare to that of public school student? Does home schooling isolate a child socially? These questions are concerns of parents, educators, and politicians alike. The future of the States rests on the academic and social education of our youth, and home school education should be considered as an effective alternative to public school education.In the past, parents mainly chose to educ ate their children at home because of religious preference. These parents viewed the public school system as a source of negative influence on children. Violence, sex, drugs, and peer tweet were influences these parents sought to avoid. However, today parents have other reasons for home school education, which primarily all point to a lackluster public school system. Other reasons involve a desire to build a strong family closeness, safety, and a handful of parents chose home school for their children because of finicky needs such as disabilities or special talents. However, no matter how good the reasons, the home school education system must prove to be an acceptable alternative to public schools.There are many advantages to giving a student a home school education. First, parents can make direct decisions concerning what their children are taught. According to the Home School Statistics and Reports in 1997, written by founder and President Dr. Brian D. Ray, seventy-one percent of the parents who educate their children hand pick the curriculum from a variety of books, videos, and educational manuals. Another xxiii percent order entire cirriculum packages (Ray 14). With the technology of today, parents have an unlimited source for information via the Internet, which can be easily integrated in home school education.The study also shows the education level of the parent supervising and administering the curriculum has little or no effect on the quality of education veritable by a student. Home-educated students whose parents did not have college degrees scored equally high on tests compared to students whose parents had college degrees(Ray 56).

The Paris Peace Treaties Essay -- History

The Paris sleep TreatiesThe Paris Peace Treaties (1919-1920)IB HistoryTo the subject and passive onlooker, those meticulous organizers of the Paris Peace Treaties allowed for an unfortunate amount of flaws to enter their task of creating a treaty that could satisfy all of the nations of not only Europe but of the world as rise equally. Yet one must attempt to put that passiveness behind and admit that those of the time of post World struggle I had truly no idea what was to come of their decisions. Thus, the decisions of these toilers of the Paris Peace Treaties undoubtedly made a medley of wrong judgments that were virtually unforeseen at the time. The first gear of these mistakes was that they looked over the problems that the numberless ethnic groups of Europe would cause. Second to be overlooked was France, still highly intimidated and insecure of a Germany that it wanted to see completely annihilated and rendered powerless. Lastly, was the important powers, angry and cheate d over their extremely harsh punishments. Thus the founders of the Paris Peace Treaties, despite doing their best to form a way to peace and betterment for Europe, managed to dupe a great deal of unanticipated oversights in their quest for harmony. The continent of Europe was composed of legions of different ethnic groups that at the end of World War I caused many problems for the treaty drawers of Paris. Even Wilson himself confessed that there were far many more ethnic groups in Europe than he at first realized- most of them seeking their own personal independence. Eastern Europe and the Balkans because many historical occurrences (such as invasions and migrations) were made up of a bewildering kaleidoscope of races and religions. There were still hordes of loyal minorities in countries with a majorities of ethnic groups not of their own. To make things even more difficult for the writers of the Paris Peace Treaties was that these races did not live in their own describe areas of the countries of Europe. They lived mixed among themselves, dispersed throughout the regions with the race of the majority. In addition to the problems left to those who drew up the peace treaties (in accordance to the ethnic problems) were that there were still populations of a race of people within various nations that belonged ethnically to another nation. For example, within Hungary ... ...ed to create an agreement for the best of the world.Conclusively, the writers and founders of the Paris Peace Treaties, despite their efforts to bring a lasting peace to the world, made a variance of unforeseen mistakes in their toil. For the uncountable amounts of varying ethnic groups could not be easily separated without annoying at least someone- and since the Central powers were the losers, logic suggested that it would be them. Secondly, Frances increasing insecurity towards Germany that dated back decades caused for it to demand Germany to be paralyzed forever. This as well as other forms of Allied punishments caused for increased Central power animosity towards the Allied powers. Therefore, the intent of peace treaties was well intentioned initially, and the criticism of them was undeserved in that there was zipper that anyone could do else without the impossible of power seeing into the futureBibliography1. (Handout) Lentin, Antony. The Consequences of the Versailles Settlement.2. (Handout) Sharpe, Alan. Part I The Post War Settlement.3. Wolfson, Robert. Years of Change European History 1890-1945. London Hodder and Stoughton, 1978, pp.183-192.

Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I Essay -- Essays Papers

labour, Socialism, and Politics to World War I Trade Unionism In the second half of the nineteenth century trade unionism became much more recognized by governments. The government recognized that it is the right of workers to organize. This fundamental common law formula became a freedom of contract or the concept that people should be free to make bargains with each other and that the law should enforce such contracts if necessary. This became legalized in the year 1871 and by the year 1875 picketing also became legal. By the year 1884 these unions became legalized by Frances Third Republic and also in Germany in 1890. These unions became corporations able to deliver property and to sue and be sued. This enabled these unions to protect their funds from defaulting officials. By mid way through the century the main focus of these unions was to organize skilled workers and to amend the working conditions and the wages for the workers. However, by the end of the century union s began to focus more on work for amateur workers. This became the first time that there were more unskilled workers than skilled workers in the workplace. In the decade before World War I most of the workers were still not unionized. Democracy and Political Parties The late nineteenth century was a great time of improvement for democratic electoral systems. The British passed their second voting reform act in 1867 and then passed a third in 1884. Also in 1871 Bismarck gave universal male suffrage for the German Empire. This had an effect on many other countries as well. Switzerland followed this and choose universal male suffrage in 1879, Spain did in 1890, Belgium in 1893, Netherlands in 1896, Norway in 1898, and finally Italy i... ... Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Relations Labors Great War http//sunsite.unc.edu uncpress/books/ fall97/mccartin.html This article was not that useful to me because most of it dealt with America - Norris, Nicole Boldy going where no British Society has gone before. The Fabian Society 1996 http//www.hput.edu/Academics/English/fabian.htm This article was very useful to me. It gave me a lot of information on Fabianism. - Partington, Geoffrey Trade Unionism and the New Protection http//www.exhibit.com.au/nicholls/nicholls/nichvol16/vol16/vol166tr.htm This article gave me a lot of useful information on trade unionism - Bolshevism vs. Reformism Historical Perspective http//www.plp.org/pl-_magazine/pyatnits.html This article helped me better understand Bolshevism

Oligopolists :: essays research papers

OligopolistsThere are four securities industry structures in our delivery today Perfectcompetition, monopolistic competition, oligopolies and monopolies. This endeavorsh every last(predicate) describe the oligopoly securities industry.The definition of an oligopoly states that in an industry, a smallnumber of firms dominate the market. There are a upset number of firms in theindustry, becasue and adding to the barriers to entry. The barriers of entry toan oligopolistc market include the financial resources needed to enter and suchregulations from the government or patents.In this market, there is a highschool degree of differentiated products, andso with all of the above factors combined in this market, the competition is ofsales, not of bell. There is also a factor of concern from the firms in anoligopolistic market - where the actions of one firm go away subsequently effectthe other firms in the industry. This results in individually oligopolist watching itscompetitors c losely, and is a method of competition mingled with the firms, otherthan by price wars.The Kinked motive Curve, is the economical graph that shows whyoligopolists tend to adopt a common price -to achieve the greatest price andoutput.The Hilmer committe, estabilished 1993, is a government body who acts inthe interests of recommendations of National Competition policies.In 1995, the Trade Practises Act (T.P.A.) was introduced. The T.P.A.sets out the general responsibilities of sellers, such as the firms ofoligopolies, and out laws actions that whitethorn be unfair to the consumers. Thisincludes misleading advertising, market sharing and collusion.Collusion is where the firms of an industry meet a set, common price, or agreenot to come into each other in the market area.Oligopolists essays research papers OligopolistsThere are four market structures in our economy today Perfectcompetition, monopolistic competition, oligopolies and monopolies. This essayshall describe the oligopol y market.The definition of an oligopoly states that in an industry, a smallnumber of firms dominate the market. There are a low number of firms in theindustry, becasue and adding to the barriers to entry. The barriers of entry toan oligopolistc market include the financial resources needed to enter and suchregulations from the government or patents.In this market, there is a high degree of differentiated products, andso with all of the above factors combined in this market, the competition is ofsales, not of price. There is also a factor of concern from the firms in anoligopolistic market - where the actions of one firm will subsequently effectthe other firms in the industry. This results in each oligopolist watching itscompetitors closely, and is a method of competition between the firms, otherthan by price wars.The Kinked Demand Curve, is the economical graph that shows whyoligopolists tend to adopt a common price -to achieve the greatest price andoutput.The Hilmer committe, estab ilished 1993, is a government body who acts inthe interests of recommendations of National Competition policies.In 1995, the Trade Practises Act (T.P.A.) was introduced. The T.P.A.sets out the general responsibilities of sellers, such as the firms ofoligopolies, and out laws actions that may be unfair to the consumers. Thisincludes misleading advertising, market sharing and collusion.Collusion is where the firms of an industry meet a set, common price, or agreenot to come into each other in the market area.

Impact of Law Changes on Tourism Industry Essay -- Business Policy

This essay will discuss how recent changes in the law may imp execute the tourism industry, as it is extremely vulnerable when it comes to these emendations in regulations and that is why politics contributes to these impacts. Governments introduce different laws and regulations which every individual and business must learn or adapt to, organisations often have to change the way they operate due new policies, and these alterations cost a lot of capital and if they fail to hunt the rules, organisations can face court for example if customers feel that the facilities doesnt meet their needs e.g. wheelchair user in a shop with not lift to gravel the upstairs section. There are plenty of acts that that are opposed such as the equality act 2010, the taxation act 2010, and the environmental protection act 2006 that I will mainly focus on.The purpose of laws in the society is to protect the public and organisations as it allows to distinction in what is right and wrong, it also gives t he sanction to take actions against wrongness. According to Soanes and Stevenson (2006) law is a rule or system recognised by a country or community as adjust the actions of its member and enforced by the imposing of penalties. Howlettt (2010) stated that there are two types of laws Criminal law which is concerned with offences against society at large crimes persecuted by the states, and these cases, if of non serious nature, are heard in magistrate court but if of serious nature, they will be heard in the crown courts and tried by jury. polished law in the other hand is concerned with disputes between private parties, for example consumers and supplies, injured party, issue damage or injunction, and these cases are heard in county court.Laws ha... ...st-body-is-slated-for-role-in-sacking-1.1024158 accessed 11 November 2010Wallop, H. (2010) Tax rise will end benefits brought by air travel, warns BA. The telegraph Online. Available at http//www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/ air-passenger-duty/8095665/Tax-rise-will-end-benefits-brought-by-air-travel-warns-BA.html Accessed 09 November 2010 Poulter, S. (2010) passenger hits with 55% rise in air passenger duty form Monday. Mail online Online. Available at http//www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-1324858/Air-Passenger-Duty-rise-Tax-increase-slammed-travel-companies.html Accessed 09 November 2010 Soanes, C and Stevenson, A. (2006) concise oxford English dictionary 11th edition, revised. United estates Oxford UniversityClements, P and Spinks, T. (2009) The equal Opportunity hand book, 4th edition, rev, London Kogan Page 2009

Oliver finds happiness and security Essay

Through Fagin, Oliver is made to work for consign Sikes. Oliver is shot circumstances Sikes to burgle the house of a Mrs Maylie, Sikes escapes provided Oliver is cared for by Rose and Mrs Maylie. Bill Sikes is another major bully within the novel, Oliver Twist. Nancy who is his mistress is also a victim of Sikes. Bill Sikes character is brutal, aggressive and violent. One major event when we see Sikes as a brutal bully is when he murders Nancy. two shows this hatred by using these words there was a fire in the eyes of both(prenominal) this is a metaphor it suggests a burning passion of hatred. Throughout the chapter when Nancy is murdered, Sikes is referred to as the robber, the housebreaker and the murderer.As Sikes arrives at his house Without one pause, or moments consideration without once turning his head to the right or left, or raising his eyes to the sky, or lowering them to the ground, but looking straight before him with savage resolution his teeth so lightly compress ed that the constrained jaw seemed starting through his skin, the robber held on his headlong course, nor muttered a word, nor relaxed a muscle until he reached his own door. During this section, dickens uses no full stops, but internal punctuation effectively. Sikes is apprehensive to what may be on the other side. By using this type of text, Dickens builds up speed, tension and anticipation for the reader.Dickens does this again when describing in detail when he opened it softly lifting a heavy table against it double locked the door. This makes the reader want to know what is about to happen. Dickens highlights bullying by using commands Get up, Get up this is a command, which suggests aggression and violence. The word murderer is used which suggests he has already killed Nancy, but Sikes again, seized a heavy club and struck her down. Sikes striking Nancy with a club seems to be unnecessary as she is already dead. This is the climax of Sikes bullying he has resorted to murderi ng.Bill refers to Nancy as a She Devil. In her dying moments she shows her innocent side by praying, by on her knees and as high towards heaven as her worn out strength. The reader gets a sense of goodness against evilness. The reader again sympathises with Nancy as she is murdered while Dickens emphasises Sikes evil ways. Bill Sikes runs away from the scene of the shame which shows that ultimately he is a coward, and his conscience finally dawns on him. After Nancys death Dickens uses superlatives to show the reader how cruel Sikes crime is, he uses powerful words like worst, foulest and most(prenominal) cruel. Bullying is again highlighted throughout this section. Here though, Dickens has highlighted a different type of bullying. It is flying bullying that is used. Sikes performed a nasty and brutal murder.Dickens uses a metaphor of the weather to contrast the murder, it is an ironic contrast though, as sun brings new intent but it can not bring Nancy back to life. The sun, t he bright sun shows Bill Sikes truly as a vicious bully.Towards the end of the novel both Bill Sikes and Fagin die, while Oliver finds happiness and security.The book makes the reader aware of Victorian society, the sheer terror of the workhouse and bullying within that society. Charles Dickens uses a range of techniques to gift the bullies within the novel. He uses a wide range of language, sarcasm and irony throughout. Charles Dickens emphasises many types of bullying and throughout his novel highlights episodes of violence and bullying which most of Victorian society accepted.

Imformative speech Essay

IntroductionHasnt everyone at some point in their manner been looked stuffd. Teenagers both across America face it every day. It ranges from cheating on a test to robbing a convenient store. Peer tweet is a serious life situation that everyone encounters at a authoritative point in their life. And lets face it, just say no is not always that easy. tending GainerYouTube video, peer pressure.Reason to Listen/CredibilityPeer pressure exists for all ages. Three-year-old Robert insists that his mother take him to the store right away and buy him the modish fad toy because his friends acquire it. When she doesnt, he has a temper tantrum. Nine-year-old Sarah wears a new shirt to school once, then refuses to wear it again because her friends made summercater if it. Jeff, at sixteen, works out three hours a day to have a perfect body.When one of his friends at the gym offers him some anabolic steroids, he accepts, sacrificing his health for his image. Meanwhile, Jeffs forty-year-old father just took out a loan he couldnt afford to buy a new BMW because nigh of his neighbors exact luxury cars, and he didnt want them to think he couldnt afford one too. No one is immune from peer pressure. Source www.faqs.org3 Preview StatementThe word peer according to dictionary.cambridge.org is one belonging to the same social group especially based on age, grade or status. The word pressure is described as the burden of physical mental distress. Peer pressure is basically encouraging people similar to you to make certain choices, take certain actions or perform in some specific way. I will talk about three different kinds of peer pressure substance abuse, emotional, and despotic forms of peer pressure. II. BodyFirst Main PointThe number one form of peer pressure is substance abuse. Tobacco, alcohol and felonious drugs are all substances that teenagers are pressured into using and abusing. Most teenagers who try alcohol do so around the age of 13, 8 years before the lawfu l drinking age. The American Lung Association reports 3.1 million teenagers smoke. Approximately 30% of teenagers are offered, given or sold drugs in highs school or in mediate school.These are some very disturbing statistics. When you give in to pressure youre letting down those around you who thought they knew you better. When your own sense of egotism and the admiration of those around you are very important things to consider, you also need to think about more serious consequences of peer pressure. Alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs are all addicting. They are dangerous to your health in many ways and are often hard to quit once you have become pendant upon them. These substances can lead to negative consequences such as cancer, drug overdose and even death. Source www.Buzzle.com4Second Main PointSecond, one of the most emotional peer pressures we face is related to image the way we dress our height, our weight, how we act, and who we hang out with. These are all things that define us that we can eventually be pressured into changing. Bullying and teasing go hand in hand with how we feel about ourselves. Self-esteem gives a huge blow when peer pressure causes us to miscellanea who we are.It is all about fitting in. thats the number one thing why we yield to peer pressure. Teenagers are naturally panicked of rejection. They want to feel like they belong and that they are cool. While its perfectly normal to want to fit in, it doesnt mean you have to change who you are or sacrifice your beliefs and your values. When you give in to peer pressure you lose yourself. You are giving up your free will and your voice and locomote through the cracks just to be like somebody else Third Main PointA final peer pressure were going to discuss is unequivocal forms of peer pressure. We know that peer pressure means encouraging people similar to us to do certain things, but it doesnt always have to be bad. Some good forms of peer pressure include encouraging your fr iends to participate in sportsor other activities, or even volunteering together. Convincing someone to tell the truth, helping someone with homework or encouraging kids at school to come to church are all very positive forms of peer pressure. Peer pressure is not always bad. It can help you analyze yourself and contemplate on your ways of life. Some of the practices that the masses follow may5 actually teach you the way of living. You may be able to change yourself for the better. Looking at what others do, can help you bring about a positive change in your way of thinking. If you can pick selectively, peer pressure can actually result in a positive change in your way of life. III. ConclusionRecap/SummaryThese three kinds of peer pressure happen to everyone at some point, substance abuse, emotional, and positive forms of peer pressure. Whether everyone or no one caves in we all have been peer pressured or will be in all these ways. This summarizes this informative speech. C. Audie nce Imprint6Bibliographywww.faqs.orgwww.Buzzle.comwww.Thecoolspot.govwww.aacap.org/peerpressureianrpubs.unl.edu

Ms-05 Solved Assignment 2013

To rarifyload more figure out assignments visit myignou. in MS-05 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2013 Presented by http//www. myignou. in/ Course Code Course Title Assignment Code Coverage MS 5 Management of Machines and Materials MS-05/TMA/SEM-I/2013 All Blocks Note Attempt all the questions and buckle down the stairs this assignment on or before 30th April, 2013 to the coordinator of your study center. Question 1. The Role of Industrial Eng neeri g M Industrial Eng ne ring is co cerned with the intention, improvement and installation of integ stepd systems f men, materials and equipment.It draws upon specialized know dg and skills i math matical, physical and social sciences unneurotic with the principle and me hods of engineering abridgment and radiation diagram to specify, p flushedict and evaluate the publications to be obtained from such systems. It give notice therefore be seen that industrial engineers be springs of management systems and industrial engineering blast integ grade dissimilar approaches such as operations research, systems summary, behavioral science etc. towards the integrated design of organizations.In this book many industrial engineering techniques entrust be employ in various units which help us in better management of merchandiseion systems. Operations Management An Overview The Role of Models yI Indian Institution of Indus ial En ineering (IIIE) has adoptive the followe definition of Industrial technology G Methods and techniques of scientific managemen hav trem supplantous role to play in helping us to kick in rational and transp atomic number 18nt ends the context of action and operations management.Through scientifi m h ds to ls and techniques of industrial engineering and operations research a languish with behavioral science we laughingstock hear at all facets of the occupations and evaluate the onsequ nces of our actions before arriving at a decision. These techniques thu reinforce the s bjective or intuit ive judgment and contribute to better management N O The scientific method for Operations management is growing pop arity because it allows for organizational decisionswhether by b unrighteousnessess or governmentto be formulated under more rigorous considerations. U Discuss the role of Scientific methods in Operations Manageme t. To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in Models atomic number 18 theatrical of systems with a view to explain certain aspects of systems behaviour. Generally a mathematical model is preferred in decision-making because it tries to explain systems objectives and extend in terms of decision variables subject to our control as well as non-controllable parameters due to environment or resource constraints etc. Thus a simplified form of a model is E = f (xj, yi) Where E =Mea authorized of effectiveness or objective function xj =Controllable (decision), variable, j = 1 yj =Non-controllable parameter, i =1 m Thus a model give ups us a cause-eff ect relationship so that we shadow evaluate ur alternative courses of action on the basis of our objectives and choose an optim l ( stovepipe under the circumstances) strategy to maximise our effectivene s Thus mod s provide a valuable tool to comp atomic number 18 our options and thus improve the q lity of decisions and provide us a better insight into our decision rocess Howe r it must be noned that models atomic number 18 a means to achieve an end (bet r decisions) nd not an end in itself.We must choose a simple, valid and logical mo el of the dec ion situation. A great calculate of model establish techniques perplex b en de loped in th subject called Operations Research (OR) which help in mathemat al con eptual sation of many decision-making problems pertinent to production/opera ions management. Some precise versatile and powerful techniques like linea prog ming queuing theory and simulation have been applied extensively to st dy various problem aras in production mana gement. Some of these will be d cribed, though briefly, in appropriate units in this book.The Role of Computers M In a large sized problem, a computer becomes a very efficient tool in problem solving and evaluation of alternati es. A b g size linear programming or simulation problem idler be efficiently solved on omputers. Due to fast developments in computering facilities and a crimp oftware, many OR models can he implemented via computers. Compu rs in like manner ha e tremendous role in management information systems to provide us ful, relev nt and timely information for planning, monitoring and co tro f production systems-thus providing decision support through informati n.The Role of B havioural Science Since people are underlying image of our production system, understanding of human behaviour is very important so that managers can evaluate the consequences of their actions on human relations, morale, motivation and productivity. Supervisors relationship with his subordin ates, administration structure, individual(a) and group behaviour, release habits and attitude, incentives, participation in decision-making, performance appraisal systems have impact on deeder morale and motivation. Behavioural science provides us some insight on these aspects and therefore has a role to play in production and operations management. I G N O U 2 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in =============================================================== Question 2. Explain the product s preference and stages involved therein. Product endurance is an ongoing dish in any organisation. In fact, as the environment switchs, as freshly technology is developed and as new tastes are formed, the product should benefit from these developments take issueently what is perceived to have added value to daytime may not be perceived as such tomorrow. For example, jute has been in use as a boxing medium for a long time.However, with changes in technology and consum er taste, the same product is no more perceived to ave added value and therefore, its demand has reduced. M Produ ibi ity The product election member is a highly integrative offshoot. Thus product function, cost, grapheme and reliability are some of the inputs to this decision. The producibility of a product/service measures the ease and the drive on with which the output can be produced. The specialised equipment, specialised skills and specialised toolings, facilitate in switching production from unity product to another etc. nd are thus important factors to assess producibility. It is also important to look at the complete range of products produced because a new product may any use the capacity of processes/sub-processes already schematic or may require the establishment of capacity of some processes/sub-processes. A family of-similar products is much yI Product selection is a strategic dec ion, thereby involves other functional areas like marketing, research and dev lop ment and as well also the top management therein.The operation managem nt function provides lively inputs regarding the production of the product o se vice in the e decisions making. G Product selection is a strategic decision for any organisati n. much(prenominal) decisi s a long term decisions and the organisation commits itself to the product/pro ucts selected for a long time to come. What products to produce-in w at form and w th what features-is very important because many other de sions- or example he technology apply, the capacity of the productive system, the locat n of production facilities, the organisation of the production function the planning and control systems, etc. re dependent on this. The competitiveness and rofi bility o a firm depend in part on the design and quality of the products and serv es that it produces, and on the cost of production. The design of a product or service may get at it big-ticket(prenominal) to produce and a change in design may make i t possible to duce he same in a less expensive way. Similarly, one design of a produ or serv ce m y require large and expensive additions to capacity of some pro ess whereas a change in design may make it possible to produce the same with e isting c pacity. N O U A Strategic Decision M yI G N O U To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in The output ideas thus generated are then screened where their match with corporate objectives and policies is studied and their market viability is established. A detailed economic summary is then performed to determine the probable profitability of the product or service. For non-profit organisations, this takes the form of a cost-benefit analysis. This is followed by development of the product or service from a concept to a tangible entity and final examly by design and exam.No Smooth Sequence Although show I depicts product selection as a sequential process where one stage follows another, in reality, the process may not be so smoo th as shown. Thus, economic analysis may have to be done after output development if reliab e cost estimates are not available at the earlier stage. Similarly, new product featur may be added at any of the above stages, thereby initiating a whole new cycle. Final y as product selection is an ongoing process, there is no finality to the pr cess since as some new product ideas are being processed, still new ideas enter the utput sele tion process and this may go on and on.The product selection rocess herefo en ures a continuous match between what is demanded and what i produced. In some cases, the production process has also to be des gned along w h the product or service. This has to be done, for example, when the m ket viabilit of the product depends on low cost and so the production process h s to be decid d along with the product design. Or take the case of another product whe e it is felt imperative to obtain a large market share right from the in ial l h It may become necessary to establish a large capacity for the production pr cess right from the beginning.The production process has to be design d along with he product in such a case. The previous section highlig ted th fact th an output possibility has to cross several hurdles before it enters e market as a commercial product or service. The new idea deathrate sheer p esents e same in a graphical manner. Figure II shows the mortality curve for a hypothetical group of fifty chemical product-ideas. Although the p duct id s ar hypothetical, still the stage-wise mortality as well as the time frame sho n is quite i dicative.Figure II assumes that after three years of research fifty po enti chemica product-ideas are available for consideration. Initial scre ning r duces this number to about half and after economic analysis, by the end of year f ur the number of potential products decreases to nine. The mortality of deas continues over time and by the end of five-and-a-half years, at the completion of he pro duct and process development stages, the number has already fallen to about five. be after and testing reduces this further to about three and by the end of construction, market development and commercialisation, just about one successful product is left.. Figure 11 is based on international experience, and situation in India has not been tested empirically. Thus, the mortality curve should be treated as an implicative proposition in the Indian context. M yI G New-Idea Mortality Curve N O U 5 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in M The curve also show that co verting product ideas into marketable products is a slow process.For chemical produc on an average it takes six years to commercialise a product after the ini al research has been completed, as is shown by Figure II. At the end of t all, a product ommerc ally launched may not bit out to be successful and the mortali y may exte d to the product as well. The actual figures in Figure II are only indicative and wi thin an industry firms differ in the speed at which they can convert a product idea into a commercial product. Some organisations are more innovative than others and they are always ahead with more new product ideas.Similarly, some organisations are more risk- victorious than others and attach a high precession to being a pioneer with new products than others who are relatively risk-averse and would like to do a more thorough speculate of screening, economic analysis, product development, design and testing and would perhaps also wait-it-out to see how some others have fared with similar products. =============================================================== yI G 6 N O U To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in Question 3. Define stage business Design. How has management viewed meditate design since the industrial revolution?JOB DESIGN is the process of putting together various elements to form a profession, bearing in mind organizational and individual subjecte r requirements, as well as considerations of health, safety, and ergonomics. The scientific management approach of Frederick Winslow Taylor viewed moving in design as purely mechanistic, but the later human relations movement re dishovered the importance of workers relationship to their work and stressed the importance of job satisfaction. Job design refers to the way that a set of toils, or an entire job, is organized. Job design helps to determine.It takes into account all factors which rival the work, and organizes the content and tasks so that he whole job is less likely to be a risk to the employee. Job design involves administrative eas such as job rotation, job enlargement, task/machine pacing, work breaks, and work ng hours. A well designed job will encourage a flesh of good soundbox posi ons, have re sonable strength requirements, require a reasonable amount of mental activ y and he p foster feelings of achievement and self-esteem. Job design refers to the way that a s et of tasks, or an ent e job, is orga ized.Job design helps to determine what tasks are done, how the tasks are done, how many tasks are done, and in what order the tasks are done. It takes into account all factors which affect e work and organizes the content and tasks so that the whole job is less like to be a risk t the employee. Job design involves administrative areas such as job rotation, job enlargement, task/machine pacing, work breaks, and working hours A well designed job ill encourage a variety of good body positions, have reasonable streng requirem nts, require a reasonable amount of mental activity, and help foster feelings of achie ement and self-esteem.In productio and operations, Job design follows the planning and purpose of product, process, and equipment. Job design specifies the content of each job and determines how work is distributed within the organization. Management viewed job design since the industrial revolution in the approaches to Job Design USING SOCI O TECHNICAL SYSTEMS There are three important approaches to job design, viz. , Engineering approach, Human approach and The Job characteristic approach. Engineering come M yI G N O U To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in The near important single element in the Engineering approaches, proposed by FW Taylor and others, was the task idea, The work of every workman is fully planned out by the management at least one day in advance and each man receives in most cases complete written instructions, describing in detail the task which he is to accomplish . . . This task specifies not only what is to be done but how it is to be done and the exact time allowed for doing it. The principles offered by scientific management to job design can be summarized thus utilisation should be scientifically studied. As advocated fragmentation and reutilization of work to reap the advantages of specialisation. Work should be arranged so that workers can be efficient. Employees sele cted for work should be matched to the demands of the job. Employees should be trained to perform the job. Monetary compensation should be used to reward succes ful performa ce of the job. Two types of facto viz. ) motivators like achievements, recognition, work itself, responsibility, d anceme t a d growth and (ii) hygiene factors (which merely maintain the employee o th job and in the organization) like working conditions, organisational polici inter-personn l relations, remuneration and job security. The employee is dissatisfied with the job f victuals factors to the required degree are not introduced into the job. But, the employee may ot be satisfied even if the required maintenance factors are provided. The employe will be satisfied with his job and he will be more productive if motivators are introduced into the job content.As such, he asserts that the job designer has to introduce hygienic factors adequately to reduce dissatisfaction and build motivating factors. Thus, THE emphasis is on the psychological needs of the employees in designing jobs. The Job Characteristics come up M yI G The human relations approach r cognised the ed to design jobs in an interesting manner. In the past two decade much w rk has been directed to changing jobs so that job incumbents can satisfy th r needs for growth, recognition and responsibilility, enhancing need satisfactio through what is c lled job enrichment.One widely publicised approach to job enrichment ses w t is alled job characteristics model and this has been explained separately n the nsuing section. N Human Relations Approach O These principles to job design seem to be quite rational and appeal g bec e they point towards increased organisational performance. Specia isation and outinisation over a period of time result in job incumbents becoming exper rather quick y, leading to higher levels of output. Despite the assumed gains in fficien y, behavi ural scientists have found that some job incumbents abomin ate specialised and routin j bs. UThe Job Characteristics Theory soils that employees will work hard when they are rewarded for the work they do and when the work gives them satisfaction. Hence, they suggest that motivation, satisfaction and performance should be integrated in the job 8 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in design. According to this approach, any job can be describe in terms of five core job dimensions which are defined as follows (a) Skill variety The degree to which the job requires that workers use a variety of different activities, talents and skills in order to successfully complete the job requirements. b) Task identity The degree to which the job allows workers to complete whole tasks from start to finish, rather than staccato portions of the job. (c) Task significance The degree to which the job significantly impacts the lives of others both within and outside the workplace. (d) Autonomy The degree to which the job allows workers freedom in planning and scheduling and the methods used to complete the job. (e) Feedback The degree to which the job itself provides workers with lear, direct and understandable knowledge of their performance.M Question 4. =============== =============================================== Discuss the va iation in the approach of planning and controlling of mass, clench and job shop production. Mass production (also called run away production, repetitive flow production, series production, or serial production) is the production of large amounts of standardized products on production lines. It was popularized by Henry Ford in the early 20th century, notably in his Ford Model T. yIJobs that are high on motivating potential m st be h gh at least in one of the three factors that lead to meaningful work an must b hig in both self-sufficiency and feedback and vice versa. These three critical psyc ological sta s lead to the outcome such as (a) high internal work motivation, (b) high gr wth satisfac tion, (c) high quality work performance, (d) high general job satisfaction, (e) high work effectiveness and (f) low absenteeism and liftover The odel says that internal rewards are obtained by an individual when he learns t at he personally has performed well on a task that he elevator cares about.G N The core job dimensions can be combined int a sin le predicti e index called the Motivating Potential Score. Its computation is as foll ws Motivating Skill variety + Task identity + Task signific nce potential = x Autonomy x Feedback score O U All of the job dimensions impact workers psychologically. The irst three dimensions affect whether or not workers view their job as meaningful Autonomy determines the extent of responsibility workers feel. Feedback allows for eelings f sati facti n for a job well done by providing knowledge of results. To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in Mass production typically uses moving tracks or conveyor belts to move partially complete products to workers to perform simple repetitive tasks. This permits very high rates of production. Mass production is capital intensive, as it uses a high proportion of machinery in relation to workers. With fewer labour costs and a faster rate of production, capital is increased while expenditure is decreased.However the machinery that is needed to set up a mass production line is so expensive that there must be some assurance that the product is to be successful to attain profits. Machinery for mass production such as robots and machine presses have high installation costs as well. Thus, mass production is ideally suited to serve large, relatively homogeneous populations of consumers, whose demand would satisfy the long production runs required by this method of manufacturing. As such, it is not surprising that, given a number of other factors, mass producti n first became prevalent in the United States.One of the descriptions of mass production is that the craftsmansh is in the wo kbench itself, not the training of the worker rather than having a skilled wo ker measu e every dimension of each part of the product against the plans r the o her pa ts as it is being formed, there are jigs and gauge blocks that are ready t hand to e sure that the part is made to fit this set-up. It has already been checked hat the finis ed part will be to specifications to fit all the other faultless parts a d it w l be made quicker, with no time spent on finishing the parts to fit one another.This the sp cializ d capital required for mass production each workbench is different and eac set of tools at each workbench limited to those necessary to make one p t. A ch of these parts is uniformly and consistently constructed, interchangeability o components is thus another hallmark of mass produced goods. Mass production systems are us ally organized into assembly lines. The assemblies pass by on a conveyor, or if they are h avy, hung fr m an overhead monorail. In a factory for a manifold produc rather han one assembly line, there may be many auxiliary assembly lines feeding sub-assemblies (i. . car engines or seats) to a backbone main assembly line. A di gram of a typical mass-production factory looks more like the skeleton of a tip than a sing e line. Batch production i a manufa uring method used to produce or process any product in batches as opposed a conti uous production process, or a one-off production. The primary ch racter stic of batch production is that all components are completed at a workstati n befo e hey move to the next one. Batch production is popular in bakeries and in the manufacture of sports shoes, pharmaceutical ingredients, inks, paints and adhesives.In th manufacture of inks and paints, a technique called a chroma-run is used. A colour-run is where one manufactures the lightest color first, such as light yellow followed by the next increasingly darker colour such as orange, then red and so on until reaching black and then starts o ver again. This minimizes the cleanup and reconfiguring of the machinery between each batch. White (by which is meant opaque paint, not transparent ink) is the only colour that cannot be used in a colour run due to the fact that a small amount of white pigment can adversely affect the medium colours.M yI G N O U 10 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in There are inefficiencies associated with batch production. The production equipment must be stopped, re-configured, and its output tested before the next batch can be produced. Time between batches is cognize as down time. Batch production is useful for a factory that makes seasonal items or products for which it is difficult to forecast demand. Batch production has many pros and cons but is effective and used worldwide, mainly by larger businesses on higher profit margins.There are several advantages of batch production it can reduce initial capital outgo because a single production line can be used to produce sever al products. As shown in the example, batch production can be useful for small businesses who cann t afford to run continuous production lines. Also, companies can use batch production as a rial run. If a retailer buys a batch of a product that does not sell then the producer an cease production without having to sustain huge losses. The term Job Shop Production (JSP) describes a m nufact ing e viro ment that produces piece goods in small batches.It is a common manufactu ing environment in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The inc ming orders often differ in the number of ordered products, their design, process charac ristics (for example, routeings, operation processing times, and set up times), or ur ency. Becau of this variation the control of the material flows in this type of compan s is extremely complex. It can hardly be predicted how the production o ers ill be vided across the machines in future periods. A high demand on machines nd varying production orders cause long waiting times of orders on the shop floor.The d rect consequence is that lead times are long and unreliable, whereas nowadays sho nd rel able delivery times are required. Most of the problems in job pro uction a ise fr m the variety of jobs arriving and demanding individual processing equences on the scarce facilities in the job shop. Owing to these factors the jo shop chara erized by the following typical problems complicated and unsystematic material flow patterns large in-process inventorie large waiting times for jobs large completi n times f r jobs unpredictable p ob ms owing o the large variety of tasks M Question 5Discuss the various methods for stores accounting and verification systems. Stores Accounting musical arrangements Stores accounting is important from the point of view of estimating the cost of the product for determine decisions. The costing of material has to be done both for the materials consumed in the production and estimating the value of materials he ld in short letter. For the purpose of costing the receipt of materials, the factors that should be taked yI G N O U 11 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in are material price, freight charges, insurance, duties, taxes, packaging charges etc.The prices quoted and accepted in purchase order may often be declared in various ways such as net prices, prices with discount terms, free on board, cost, insurance, freight, etc. All these factors should be appropriately accounted while costing for the incoming materials. other important accounting is to be done for the issue to production and of the furrows held at the end of accounting period. Let us discuss some of the important and frequently used system for this purpose a) FIFO System This system cognise as First in First Out System is based on the assumption that the oldest stock is depleted first.Therefore, at the time of issue the rate pertaining to that will be applied. There is no profit or loss in the p icing a rrangements. The value of the stocks held on hand is the money that has be n paid for that amount of stock at latest price levels. In case of too many changes in pr e levels the FIFO System becomes unwieldy. Another limitations of is system is at it fails to provide a satisfactory answer to costing-re tresss from stores. ) LIFO System This system known as Last in First Out System i based on the assumption that the most recent receipts are issued first As the lastest prices are charged in this system, it leads to lower report p ofits i the periods of rising prices and this offers savings in taxes. In case of wide fluct tions pric s this system tends to immunise unrealised gains or losses in invento y It has almost the same limitations as that of FIFO System. c) Average Cost System This is b sed on the as umption that issues to production department are equally made from different ipmen s in stock, i. . an average cost of shipment in stores is charged t stabili es th cost figures. The average is to be calculated by dividing the total co t with the n mber of items and is to be updated with every new purchase. d) Market Value System This is lso known as heir rate costing, in which the materials issued are char ed the prevailing market rates. This system underestimate e stock n h nd in the case of price increase, whereas it overestimates the s ck on han in the case of price decrease. This may in turn lead to writing off huge mo t to mak it realistic.Moreover, a continuous monitoring of the ma ket tes for all materials makes the system cumbersome. e) Standard Cost System In this system a detailed analysis of market price and trends is carrie out to determine a standard rate for a fixed period, say six months or so. This standard rate is charged to materials issued during this period irrespective of the actual rate. After the period is over the standard rate is reviewed and updated. This system reflects the efficient use of materials as the fluctuation in rates i s not considered in accounting. Moreover, it adds to clerical efficiency as the fresh rates are not to be obtained every time.However, similar to Market Value Approach, this also leads to underestimating or overestimating stocks on hand in case of rising and falling prices respectively. f) System of Costing the Closing Stock The general guideline for this purpose is to M yI G N O U 12 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in use market price or stock at cost, whichever is less. The cost of closing stock is governed mainly by price units, obsolescence and deterioration. In rare cases the stock may appreciate with time. Appropriate formulae to account for these factors should be developed keeping in view the past experience.Stock Verification Systems Some discrepancies between the actual and the book balances of inventories are bound to occur despite the bustling store keeping. The process of stock verification is carried out for following purposes i) To reconcile the s tore exhibits and documents for their accuracy and usefulness, ii) Identification of areas deserving tighter document control, iii) To back-up the balance sheet stock figures, and iv) To minimise the pilferage and fraudulent practices. Most companies keep an inventory short and over account to abs b such discrepancies, which is eventually closed into the manufacturing overh ads account.Some of the systems of physical stock taking are as follow a) Annual or Periodic Physical Verification In this system the entir inventory is physically verified at the end of a period, usually t e accounting period. That is, normally at the end of fiscal year. Stocks are closed f r a fe days This may necessitate the shut down of production operations. th activities such as repair and overhaul of equipment and machinery are r orte A s cial crew of store inspectors and stores verifying officers, usually from the material audit, physically check each item and compare the e tries on bin c rd and stores ledger.This leads to the formation of a list of surplus r short ite Dam ged and obsolete items are traced and recorded. This needs o develop a de ailed programme and memorial to complete the verifications storew se and item ise. Top managements sanction can then be sought for writing off defici ncies o valuing surplus. As all the items are checked at ne time there can be no confusion about any item being left unchecked. b) unadulterated n entory nd Continuous Stock Taking System In case of large firms dealing w th large num er of items the final inventory system may take a lot of time and it may no e possib e to shut down the whole plant.The pure(a) invent ry system i a more appropriate method for large plants. In this method the stock ver ficatio is done continuously throughout the year. different methods are adopted by ifferent firms for continuous verification. Some firms div de the whole inventory into fifty-two equal parts. Each part is verified every week. Some firms reco rd store balances after every receipt and issue, and a number of items are counted daily or at frequent intervals and checked with the bin cards and stores ledger. Discrepancies found, if any, owing to incorrect entries, breakage pilferage, over-issue, placing of items in wrong bins, etc. are investigated and corrected accordingly. The significant advantages of this system are as follows i) The shut down of the plant is not necessary for stock checking/taking. ii) The method is less costly, less tiring, less cumbersome and hence is more accurate. iii) Discrepancies and defects in stores are readily detected and are not carried over M yI G N O U 13 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in throughout the year. This prevents damages and losses. iv) soft moving stocks can be noted and proper action can be initiated in time. v) The stock items are kept within the limits. ) Low vertex Inventory System Some companies take the physical inventory, i. e. the stock level of stor es is checked loosely when it reaches its minimum level. Question 6. Write Short notes on a) Work sample dispersal Work Sampling is a fact-finding tool. It is a measurement technique for quantit ive analysis, in terms of time, of the activity of operators, machines, or f any observ ble state or condition of operation. This tool is particularly useful when inf rmation urgently needed about men or machines, especially in the analysis f non-r p titive or irregularly occurring activity where no complete method and frequen y description is available.Work sampling can be used to study almost a y type of wor repetitive and non-repetitive, factory or office, executive or supe visory, clerical or ngineering, handlers, salesmen, nurses and what have you. a) Some uses of Work Sampling Work Sampling provides a w y to M yI obtain information bout ei er certain long cycle work or nonrepetitive type of jobs for which it would be clearly impractical to use continuous observ i n methods i dicate if certa activit es should be studied in detail. elp sign the work load distribution in formulating a new work system. tu y any op ration for possible methods improvement. help e tablish job content as an aid to job evaluation and employment purposes. aid supervisors to organise their time. aid appraisal of shop effectiveness, efficiency, safety performance etc. provide feedback information about compliance to stated management policies. assist in establishing standards of performance. establish controls on labour, material or machine utilisation. G N Work sampling is a method of promiscuously obs rving k ting state or condition of the object being studied.From the proportions f observations in each category, inferences are drawn concerning th total work ac vity under study. It can be used for fact-finding, work measurem nt and m h ds analysis. O U The object of the observations maybe personnel, equipment or facilities which can be categorised as follows 14 To download mor e solved assignments visit myignou. in Typical categories applied to people are (a) Working (b) beingness idle (c) Being out of area (d) Walking (e) Handling material (f) Inspecting (g) Changing tools (h) Cleaning up (i) Handling clerical tasks (j) Talking.Typical categories applied to machines/equipments are At work (b) Idle-no operator (c) Idle-no stock (d) Idle-being serviced (e) Idle interference. b) Acceptance Sampling Acceptance sampling uses statistical sampling to determine whether to acc pt or preclude a production lot of material. It has been a common quality control techniq used in industry and particularly the military for contracts and procuremen It is usually done as products leave the factory, or in some cases even within the fac ry.Mos often a producer supplies a consumer a number of items and deci on to a cept o reje t the lot is made by determining the number of defective items in a sample from the lot. The lot is accepted if the number of defects falls below wh ere th acceptance n mber or otherwise the lot is rejected. One of the powerful statistical techniques of quality ontrol is Acceptance Sampling. This technique is generally used in those si atio where items are inspected in batches, generally known as lots.The acceptability w l depend on the acceptable quality of the lot, which in turn depends on the u e and the pric you are willing to pay for this quality. Acceptance is based on the infe ence mad from th sample and hence the technique is known as Acceptance Sampling Typically a lo is specified by its size and the fraction of defectives that are expected to e present ( t the most) in the lot. The principles of statistics are used in the infe nce p cess One of the powerful statist al tech iques of quality control is Acceptance Sampling.This technique is generally sed in those situations where items are inspected in batches, gener l y know as l ts. For example, you may receive a shipment of 10,000 electric bulbs and y u may ha to decid e whether to accept the shipment or return it back to the suppl er. T e accept bility will depend on the acceptable quality of the lot, wh ch turn depends on the use and the price you are willing to pay for this quality. S ppose you decide to accept if the average fraction defective is less than 5 per cent. Th n to ascertain the actual quality you may decide to inspect each acid every bulb.Su h a strategy of. 100 per cent inspection, however, may often be expensive and impractical. In such cases a more intelligent way is to use the concept of Sampling Inspection. -c) Value Engineering & Analysis Value Engineering or value analysis is a systematic method to improve the Value of goods and services by using an trial run of FUNCTION. Value, as defined, is the M yI G N O U 15 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in ratio of piece to Cost.Value can therefore be increased by either improving the Function or reducing the cost. It is a primary tenet of Value Engineering that quality not be reduced as a consequence of pursuing Value improvements. Value Engineering is sometimes taught within the industrial engineering body of knowledge as a technique in which the value of a systems outputs is optimized by crafting a mix of performance (Function) and costs. In most cases this practice identifies and removes unnecessary expenditures, thereby increasing the value for the manufacturer and/or their customers.Value Engineering uses intuitive logic (a unique how why questioning technique) and the analysis of Function to identify relationships that increase Value. It is considered a quantitative method similar to the Scientific Method, which focuses n Hypothesis Conclusion to test relationships, and Operations Research, which uses mod l build to identify predictive relationships. A viable Value Engineering Program is predicated upon an adequa return on investment, typically 1% of total obligated authority for DLA activitie Benefits include Reduced acquisition c osts. Reduced life cycle costs.Reduced total ownership costs. Standardization, simplification or el BEST VALUE Planning M yI At the Planning stage of developm nt, there are additional benefits to be derived from a Value Engineering Workshop. An independent team can Review he rogram actualize a fun ional ana ysis of the facility Ob in the wner users definition of value D fine th k y criteria and objectives for the project Veri y/ pass the proposed program Review master plan utility options (e. g. Central Utility Plant versus individual systems) Offer alternative solutions (square footage needs per function, adjacency solutions, etc. vagabond if the budget is adequate for the developed program G VE can be applied at any point in a project can b used in a tractor manufacturing firm also. The main stages of a projec and VE s app cation are described below. N O ina U of o rations or materials. Design This is the stage that most VE participants are used to becoming involved, when the de sign has at least made it to the schematic stage. The primary tool available to the VE 16 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in team is the Workshoptypically a 40-hour session (or less for smaller or less complex projects).The Workshop is an opportunity to bring the design team and client together to review the proposed design solutions, the cost estimate, and proposed implementation schedule and approach, with a view to implementing the best value for the money. The definition of what is good value on any particular project will change from client to client and project to project. Methodology and Approach During the actual Workshop portion of the VE study, the five-step Job Pl Information Phase Speculation (Creative) Phase Evaluation (Analysis) Phase Development Phase (Value Management Proposal monstrance Phase (Report/Oral Presentation) Construction s followed Examples of M Russian liquid-fu l ro ket moto s are intentionally designed to permit ugly (though leakfre e) w ldi g Thi reduces costs by eliminating grinding and finishing operations that do not help e mot r function better. Some Japanese disc brakes have parts tolerances to three millimeters, an easy-to-meet precision. When combined with crude statistical process controls, this assures that less than one in a million parts will fail to fit. -d. Waste Management. yI lue Engineering During this phase value engineering is still possible thr ugh the use of Value Engineering Change Proposals (VECP). Contractors can be p ided onetary incentives to propose solutions that offer enhanced value to the owner, and share in the financial benefits realized. Clearly the owner must c nsider contra tor-generated proposals very carefully, from a life-cycle perspective and a liability p rspect ve.The A/E team must be brought in to the decision-making proces to agr e to he proposed change as not having any cast out impact on the overall de ign and buil ing function. The evaluation of a VECP is treated s imilarly to any cha ge ord r during construction, with issues such as schedule and productivity impacts bei g considered along with the perceived cost savings generated. G N O U 17 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in M Disposing of botch in a landfill i volves burying superfluity to dispose of it, and this remains a common practice in most countr s.Histo ically, landfills were often established in disused quarries, mining void or borrow pits. A properly-designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygieni and elatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Older, poorly-de igned or poorly-managed landfills can create a number of adverse envir menta impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of iq d leacha Another common byproduct of landfills is gas (mostly make up of methan and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down n robical y.Th gas an create odor problems, kill surface vegetation, and is a gr eenho se gas ======================= xxx======xxxx============================ yI G N Waste management practices differ for developed and d veloping na ions, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial, produ ers. M nagem nt for non-hazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan are s is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while man t for n n-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibil y of the g nerator.Waste management methods for vary widely between are s for many reasons, including type of waste material, nearby land uses, and th area avail ble. O U Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human acti ty, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, aesthet s or amenity Waste management is also carried out to reduce the materials effect on the nvironme t and to acquire reso urces from them.

Perception and Learning Essay

Learning and Perception are intertwined. They are relatively connected with each other. When we say Learning, it is a term used referring to a relatively permanent heighten in behavior that is a result of past experience or practice. It includes classical conditioning, operative conditioning, and perceptual learning. While Perception on the other hand, is a general term referring to the awareness of objects, qualities, or til nowts stimulating the sense organs it also refers to a persons experience of the world.So when one perceives something through his environment, he consequently learns it and somehow puts it into practice (Hulse, Deese, & Egeth, 1975). The brain has a strong tendency to invent various stimuli into objects which are seen as figures on grounds. Stability in our world is provided by our various perceptual constancies. Like in death, we perceive death because we mend us of several monocular and binocular cues. These general principles help us to understand how perception works.The organisms or individuals stage of development affects or influences the things he perceives through the things he in condition(p). Just about everything we learn is partly a learning of new perceptions. And our previous learning affects our present perceptions, especially when the learning has been stirred or unusually meaningful (Hochberg, 1964, p. 287). . A torpedo maybe perceived quite differently by a woman whose husband has been killed in a hunting accident and by a child who is fascinated with cowboys.To the child the gun is a toy associated with pleasurable excitement, with fantasies of range wars and of galloping horses. To bereaved wife the gun is a deadly weapon associated with sadness and fear. For example, a young woman who fell in love and was broken hearted already has learned a lesson not to give everything the next time her heart beats again. Another example is, a baby who tries to learn to walk tries his very best to know how to balance, even though he experiences fall sometimes he still tries his best to do it and learn how to walk.So before it we can call it learning from their mistakes, the change must be relatively permanent it must last a fairly long time. These rules out changes in behavior due to motivation, fatigue, adaptation, or aesthesia of the organism. Learning contributes much to perception, but it is only one ingredient. Many factors both learned and unlearned, affect what the person actually does. Even so, an individuals mental process is all that we can measure.We must infer, by appropriate control or knowledge of the conditions affecting perception, when perception has been changed through learning and when it has been changed by other factors (King, 1971, p. 79-80). Moreover, learned and unlearned factors interact in complex ways. For example, many kinds of behavior depend on perception. When a student has learned that he should study for him to succeed then he will likely do it because he believes which is his perception, meaning he is aware of that when finishes his studies that individual will succeed.

Describe a Sports Event That You Took Part in or Watched Essay

I cope to unravel badminton especially in the summer time. It is a game I really enjoy, so play it whenever I can dismount a willing start outner. It is a lot wish well tennis, but I can play badminton whateverwhere. I do not make up to go to a tennis court to play and I can play in between classes with emerge acquiring sweaty.Badminton is played with rackets that note a lot like tennis rackets, but they are much much delicate. You should ease up a net, which sits gamy above the ground, and a ball that is called a birdie. The birdie has a small rubber half a ball on one fetch up, and it fans out with feathers on the other end to help it to fly. A badminton court has a net in the center that stretches from side to side. Each side of the net has a square that the team up duo play in. It is ideal to play badminton with foursome people, but you can play one on one as well. You can likewise play without points or a net, but I do not call up it is as much fun.It is a g ame that takes a lot of energy so you issue forth plenty of exercise playing badminton. The main reason I like the game is that e realone, man or woman, has an equal chance to com positron emission tomographye. at that place are so many sports that require height or strength to be good it is refreshing to play one that I have an equal opportunity to win. by chance that is why I name real competitive and energetic when I play. I love the game it is fun and rewarding, and I feel alive when playing. appoint a difficult thing you did well. You should rankwhat it wasand explain why it was difficult. orand explain how you felt after you did it.Difficulty is a sure-enough(prenominal)ly subjective term.What one person may find difficult the other may find rather easy. For me overcoming my glossophobia was a rattling difficult thing. I used to be really(prenominal) stage shy and could never sing in front of an audience. It so happened that once I participated in an environment fair held in my sign of the zodiactown. We were a team of four students Mohit, Rohan, Ravi and I. We had to make a model on pollution. It was precise difficult to collect ideas for the model, but our t for each oneer, Mrs Promilla helped us. We collected all data from different sources like the internet, library, magazines and so on We presented all three types of pollution air, water and noise pollution on thermocol In this project we showed the causes, effects and ways to control pollution We had to speak turn wise on our model.I remember I was very afraid to speak. hardly my other friends gave me the confidence. I felt very good that I was part of that team. I spoke very well that time. Getting over my glossophobia was an accomplishment for me. I felt very good after that. We won the source prize in this competition. The judges specially mentioned that the first prize was mainly because of the verbal explanation of the model. This fair was covered by the local cable TV an d so many people of the neighbourhood congratulated me the next day. Our photograph was overly in that respect in the local newspaper Jag Baani. Our cultivate principal also appreciated us I cannot forget that day. All four of us were on cloud nine on that day. So, this was a difficult thing I did well.some(a)thing usable you learn from family member delimit a person who taught you a certain skill, such as preparation or driving or swimming. enjoy say Who is that person? How did he/she teach it to you? Why did you learn it? Was this skill useful to you?I have learnt many skills from people around me in my life. here I would like to talk about my mother who taught me a very useful skill of cooking. My mother is in her forties and she is very tall and beautiful. She has a gifted hand in cooking. She has her unique way of teaching us, I mean me and my sister, how to cook. She never do us feel as if she was teaching us. She near kept us involved in the kitchen while she cooked. We learnt a lot just by observing her. I learnt cooking because I too neediness to be able to cook like her. I also learnt cooking because it is a very useful skill in todays time. Moreover, as I plan to go abroad for my higher education, this skill will be veryuseful.I will not face any food problems. I am a vegetarian and I have heard that veg. food outlets are very few in foreign countries. This skill has proved very useful because many clock I have been able to attend to guests when my mother was not at home. My mother not only taught me simple routine cooking but also some Chinese dishes. She also taught me how to make pizzas in the electric tandoor. She also bakes excellent cakes. Whenever anybody in our neighbourhood celebrates a birthday, the cake is continuously baked by my mother. She loves experimenting in the kitchen and she has many of her own recipes which are quick and easy and at the same time very delicious. She also presents her dishes very well. She says that t he look of the dish is as important as its taste. I am fortunate, I have a talented mother who has taught me this useful skill.something you saw or see that made you laughHere I would like to talk about one when I really laughed from my heart. It was my cousins wedding twain months ago and we were all bound on the beats of DJ. The g styles fuck off that is my uncle had taken a few pegs of whiskey. He was dancing the maximum. His odd and weird dancing steps were very hilarious and everyone was laughing at him. But he was not at all perturbed. He was thoroughly enjoying himself. My aunt tried to stop him many times but he wouldnt listen. He was wearing a silken dhoti kurta. Suddenly he tripped and his dhoti came off.That was the most hilarious moment of all. The bride and the groom also had a hearty laugh.The photographer captured it all very nicely in his video camera. Even today when we see that we all have a hearty laugh. So this is the situation when I laughed from my heart.De scribe a special repast you would like to eatWhat would it be?Where would it be?Whom would you like to share it with?Why it is special for you?Ive had many special meals in my life. Some were special because of the quality of food. Others were special because of the occasion And some were special because of the people with whom I shared those meals with. Here I would like to talk about a special meal that I would like to have. It would be dinner at the Rangla Punjab section of Haveli which is a beautiful eating place in the suburbs of my home town. I would like to share it with my best friend who is now studying in Australia but is coming next week to legislate his winter vacation here. Actually his birthday next month and I would like to treat my friend to a dinner at Rangla Punjab. Dinner is very special at Rangla Punjab. It is accompanied by cultural programmes.They serve dinner with traditional Punjabi hospitality. First they serve buttermilk which is followed by salad and lig ht snacks. Then they serve two to three types of green vegetables and some lentil curry and rice with various types of chapatti. During winter they also serve makki di roti and sarson ka saag. Makki di roti is a chapatti made of maize radix and sarson da saag is a dish made of mustard leaves to which spinach leaves can be added. In the end they serve rice pudding and after that some jiggery. I have had dinner several times at Rangla Punjab but I would love to have it again with my friend. This time his company would make the meal tear down more special. I know he has never been to Haveli so he would also love it.Describe your darling way to authorize with mortal.You should saywhat it isand explain why this is your favourite way to communicateMan is a social animal. To survive in this society we need to communicate with others. We can communicate in many ways such as through cell phone, e-mail, internet chatting or by face to face converse. My favourite way of communication is through cell-phone A cell phone is a very useful gadget. We can communicate with almost anyone, from anywhere and at any time. That is why it is my favourite means of communication. It has become an indispensable part of my daily life. I use it daily to stay connected with my friends and family. I can call them, send messages and even send and receive e-mails through my phone.I have a Samsung Galaxy S2 model It is fully touch screen It has android operating outline. It has its own practical application market through which we can download various applications according to our needs. I downloaded Talking Tom application which copies and speaks whatever you speak. I downloaded various games also. I have downloaded Sudoku which I play daily. My friends also play Sudoku and we compare our timings with each other. It has GPS facility through which we can search the desired location. Once I went to Delhi and through this GPS system I could locate my Uncles home easily. Otherwise it is very easy to get broken in Delhi. It has wi-fi facility. It has many inbuilt applications .It has a 12 megapixel camera.Describe a child you know.You should sayhow you know him or herhow often you see him/herwhat kind of person he/she is (= what his/her personality is like) and explain what you like about this child.I know many children but here I would like to talk about my niece, Gia, who is three years old. She is my cousins daughter and lives in my neighbourhood. She is very cute and I just adore her. She is a very chubby child. When she smiles, she has dimples on both cheeks which look very beautiful. I always feel like picking at her cheeks but she screams when anybody does so. She has curly hair and does not like getting her hair combed. Almost every day she comes to my house with my cousin. Then she comes to my room and messes everything up. Normally I dont like if anyone messes up my things but with Gia I dont mind at all. She loves chocolates and candies and I always hol d open some in stock for her.She is only 3 years old but she really knows how to twist everyone around her little finger. It is sometimes very peculiar to look her small pranks. She surely knows what she wants and gets it somehow. Recently, my cousin admitted her to a pre-nursery school called Petals. That school is in our neighbourhood and is very nice. She goes there happily and enjoys the three hours she spends there. She has learnt many nursery rhymes over there. Sometimes I go to pick her up from school as my cousin is busy in the household chores. I just love it when she comes running to me and hugs me tight. She has so much to share with me about her school and her new friends. May God bless her with a broad and happy life.A byplay you would like to doMy ambition is to become a teacher. I would like to teach small children i.e. primary level students. A bachelors in education degree is required to be a teacher. Nowa years, teaching has become a very lucrative profession. Moreover, I like being with young children. I am good at telling jokes and stories. Secondly, I am a very sensitive person. I am the first person to note if someone is sad or not feeling well. Since children dont always say what they feel. My sensitivity would make me a good teacher. I am also a very organised person. Children need to be organised too So, I can instil these values in my children. I know that I dont have a very high ambition but this is a very fulfilling ambition. I rely in enjoying what I do and at the same time I wish to do quality work. These children are our future. I aspire to would them to become good human beings tomorrow. I believe god has sent us all on this earth with a purpose. I hope I can fulfil this purpose by comely a teacher.A gift you have givenI have given and received many gifts in my lifeHere I am going to talk about a gift which I gave to my best friend on his eighteenth birthday. It was a fluent phone. He had always treasured a mobile phone. But his parents would not buy him one I saved all my pocket capital for five to six months to buy this mobile It cost me Rs 2800 It is a small mobile a Samsung X-210 model It is black rectangular and a folder type model It has many features like watch, calculator, FM radio, alarm, timer and a memory card to store phone numbers It does not have a camera but all the other features are very useful I saw an ad of this phone six months ago and immediately started saving money to buy it. Then, I used to get Rs 500 per month as pocket money.I was so fond of chocolates and candies that I used to spend all my pocket money on these things. But I remember I did not eat a single chocolate those six months. I was overjoyed to see the happy look on my friends face when I gave him the mobile phone. I honestly feel that there is more pleasure in giving than receiving.A childhood toyI had many toys in my childhood but here I am going to talk about my electric toy car. My father gifted it to me o n my 11th birthday. I used to spend hours playing with it. I was greatly fascinated by it It is red in colour It worked with four pen torch batteries fixed in a box under the car. When I switched it on it would move in all directions If there was an obstacle on the way then the car could change directions Along with that it had lights which flickered at times.I was so fascinated by this car that I used to finish its batteries very soon. I used to show it to my friends with pride. None of my other friends had such a beautiful toy car. I just loved it when I saw the overjealous look in their eyes. I remember, once I took it to school in my bag. When I came home I got a big spanking from my mother. I was very possessive about my car and never used to let anyone touch it. Even though I dont play with the car any more I still have it in my room It brings back nostalgic memories of my childhoodfavourite time in a dayThe change surface time is the best time of the day for me. It is the t ime when all my family members are together and we sit together and have our evening tea and chat with each other. We discuss all our days happenings with each other. During the day we all are busy and have no time for each other. In the evenings, sometimes, I go with my mother to do some shopping for grocery and vegetables. Once or twice a week I go out with my friends. on that point is a park near my house. Occasionally I go there also. All the children of my neighbourhood are there. I play some games like personnel casualty the ball with them. The elderly people of my neighbourhood are also there.It is a good time to interact with them and learn some values of life from them. There is a Mrs Sharma in my neighbourhood. Sometimes I meet her in the park. She has a great sense of humour. Ten or twenty minutes with her are really very refreshing. She is a lecturer in Kamla Nehru College, Phagwara. Sometimes, she guides me regarding studies too. Then I come home and take a nice cool bath. After that I watch TV for half an hour to one hour with my family over dinner. We all love watching some reality shows and sitcoms. Then I study or read something for an hour or two before going to bed.Describe a friend you havent been in contact with for a long time but who you would like to see again. In our life we come across many people and make a lot of friends.I too made a lot of friends during my school and college days. Here I would like to talk about a special friend of my school days with whom I lost contact but would really like to meet again. His name is YINYANG. He joined my high school in 2nd when his father got transferred to my hometown.His father was teacherin my high school at that time.I remember, he was very shy by nature and used to sit next to me. In just a few days we became good friends.He was not very tall AVERAGE in terms of appearance with his curly hair and a dimple on his chin. He was very good at studies.I used to trouble him all the times as I a lways had problem with maths, but he was always willing to help.We remained very good friends for three years and then his father got a promotion and was transferred to Chandigarh. After that we lost all contact because we are busy with our study I always deliberate of him and would really like to meet him as soon as possible. I made other friends but I could not get as intimate with anyone else as I was with him I could share all my secrets with him and be sure he would never tell anyone. He was so trustworthy.I think I will have to travel changchun province to reach him. I would like to share all my experiences which I had till now after we separated. It has been 3 long years and I am sure he would also be happy to see me or hear from me.I wonder what he is doing now.a decision made by others but wrong in your opinionYou should saywho the person waswhat the situation waswhat decision they madeand explain why you think it was the wrong decision.In our day to day life we all have t o take a lot of decisions. Some decisions turn out to be very good and some turn out bad. Here, I would like to talk about a person who made a wrong decision. Actually he did not mean it to be wrong but it turned out to be wrong. This person is my cousin Ravi. He is in his mid thirties. He is not tall but looks very handsome. He is running his own business of readymade garments. He has a seven years old son Rohan, who is very naughty. He was fed up of his naughty pranks and to punish him he sent him to a boarding school in Shimla. He thought that a boarding school would teach him discipline but when Rohan came home from his boarding school everyone at home was shocked because he had become very stubborn and even more naughty.Now he answers back to everyone and does not show any respect or love for his parents. Actually, he knows that the boarding was his punishment. This was a mistake done by my cousin. Children are very sensitive and should be handled with care. My cousin should ha ve told him that the boarding was necessary for him because the education there is very good. Then perhaps Rohan would have not felt bad about going to the boarding school. Now my cousin repents for his decision. He has decided to call Rohan back from his next session. We had a family meeting and there it was decided that it would be better if Rohan stay at home with all of us.Talk about a meaningful songI love harmony and I love listening to Hindi and Punjabi songs. Most of these songs are very meaningful. Here I would like to talk about a Punjabi song by a famous Punjabi singer Gurdas Maan The name of the song is Boot Polishan. It is from his album Boot Polishan It was released in 2008. The song gives the message that work is worship. Instead of begging for money a person should work and earn. It does not matter if the work is small. If a person works and earns he can always hold his head high.I heard this song about two years ago and since then it has become my favourite song. A ctually Gurdas Mann is my favourite singer. He is a multifaceted personality. He is a singer, actor, director and a lyricist as well. He writes the lyrics of his songs himself. He has also acted in many Punjabi movies. All my family members also love his songs. When we go out anywhere together we play his songs in the car. All his songs have messages. He even performs in stage shows. There is a village near my home town where he comes every year and performs for charity. I went there last year. It was an electrifying experience.A thing make you relaxOnce I have accepted that there are unhappy issue impacting my life, its necessary to make room for relaxation amid all those busy things I am doing. locomote the dog can be one of the most effective ways to ease your mind. What I want to mentioned is that My pet is a very important part of life. Spend time with my pet is the most relaxing time for me. when I feel lonely, I turn to play with her. I will Talk to my pet about all the stre ss and anxiety I ve been going through ,that makes me feel a lot better. I guess that Pet therapy is a genuine means for relaxing you can also learn a lot from watching how the pet relaxes.

Punctuality Speech Essay

Before I give out my pitch, I want to ask all(prenominal) of you a question. How many of you prolong never been late? Odds be none of you This is because in our nature we see punctuality as flexible. In my speech Im going to talk about whether punctuality is an important matter in our daily lives or non.Firstly, what is punctuality? Well punctuality is the roleplay of being on time and being able to do a task in the required time. Picture the situation imagine yourself sitting in a court waiting for your lawyer to arrive. He arrives late and due to their lack of punctuality you are left without a lawyer. The court session begins and you are being grilled by the opposing attorney and in the end you lose the case and the judge gives you a harsh sentence. And to think, all of this is because of your lawyers lack of punctuality. A punctual soul is appreciated because he is aware that time is precious. Time and tide wait for no man, how true is it? If a person is unpunctual, it sho ws that either the person is unprofessional or that he has no value for the other persons time. This spreads to his reputation also. A punctual person is valued and respected. Remember, it is the difference of only a few seconds in catching a train or missing it Therefore to catch the train of lifetime always be on time.Punctuality is not strictly a matter of ones busyness the busiest people are often the intimately punctual, while those with the least to do sometimes struggle the most with being on time. For instance, when you are set to go to a meeting and you know that you have quite some time ahead of you before the meeting, you end up taking more time to get ready and inadvertently end up arriving late. Being punctual strengthens and reveals your integrity. If you tell someone that you leave alone meet them at a certain time, you have essentially made them a promise. And if you say youll be there at 800, and yet arrive at 815, you have essentially broken that promise. Being on time shows others that you are a man of your word. Being punctual shows you are dependable. If a man is punctual know they can rely on such a man if he says he will be there, hell be there.But if a man is not punctual, others cannot depend on him- they dont know where he will be when they need him.His associates will begin to feel he cannot organize his own time and will raise the question if he is passing(prenominal) about time, what else is he careless about? Being late is a form of steeling. Thats a tough the true, but its a truth nonetheless. When you make others wait for you, you rob minutes from them that theyll never get back.Time they couldve turned into money, or simply used for something else. In coming to meet you at the agreed time, they may have made sacrifices- woken up early, cut short their workout and your lateness negates those sacrifices. If you wouldnt think of taking ten dollars from another mans wallet, you shouldnt think of stealing ten minutes from him either. Last but not least, being punctual builds your self-confidence. Showing up on time not only tell other people you are dependable, it teaches you that you can depend on yourself.In my opinion, Punctuality should be a priority and should not be lessened. When you are always on time, you keep the promises you make and in this way the more your self-confidence will grow, and the more in control of your life you will be.

Perception towards mutual funds Essay

Abstract coarse monetary resource provide a platform for a common investor to participate in the Indian capital food market with professional lineage musical compositionagement irrespective of the amount invested. The Indian sh atomic number 18d broth industry is ontogeny rapidly and this is reflected in the increase in Assets under management of various entrepot houses. common broth enthronization funds funds is less tryy than directly investiture funds in stocks and is therefore a safer option for risk averse investors. Monthly Income Plan funds offer monthly returns and invest majorly in debt oriented instruments with niggling exposure to equity. However it has been observed that most of the investors are not aware of the benefits of investment in joint funds. This is reflected from the study conducted in this research paper. This paper makes an attempt to identify various factors affecting perception of investors regarding investment in Mutual funds. The vexings will help mutual fund companies to identify the areas required for improvement in order to create greater awareness among investors regarding investment in mutual funds.IntroductionA Mutual Fund is a trust that pools the savings of a number of investors who share a common monetary goal. The money, thus collected, is then investedin capital market instruments such as shares, debentures and otherwise securities. The income earned done these investments and the capital appreciation realized is shared by its unit holders in proportion to the number of units fuddle by them. Thus a Mutual Fund is the most suitable investment for the common man as it offers an opportunity to invest in a diversified, professionally managed basket of securities at a comparatively low cost.Monthly Income Plans or MIPs invest maximum of their total corpus in debt instruments speckle they take minimum exposure in equities. It unsexs benefit of both equity and debt market. These schemes rank slightly he ights on the risk-return matrix when compared with other debt schemes. There is considerable amount of research being done regarding investment in mutual funds. However very little research has been done to study the perception of investors regarding investment in mutual funds especially MIP funds.Literature ReviewIppolito (1992) states that an investor is ready to invest in those fund or schemes which have resulted in good rewards and most investors are attracted by those funds or schemes that are performing better over the worst. Goetzman (1997) opined that investors psychology affects mutual fund selection for investment and to pull in ones horns from the fund.De Bondt and Thaler (1985) submitted that mean reversion in prices of stock is backed by investors retrogression which is based upon investors psychology to overvalue firms recent performance in forming future expected results which is in addition known as endowment effect. Gupta (1994) surveyed household investor to lim it investors preferences to invest in mutual funds and other available financial assets. The findings of the study were more relevant, at that time, to the policy makers and mutual funds to design the financial products for the future. Kulshreshta (1994) in his study suggested some guidelines to the investors that can help them to select needed mutual fund schemes. Shanmugham (2000) conducted a survey of individual investors with the objective to find protrude what information source investor depends on. The results explained that they are economical, sociological andpsychological factors which control investment decisions. Madhusudhan VJambodekar (1996) conducted his study to size-up the direction of mutual funds in investors and to identify factors that go mutual fund investment decision. The study tells that unrestricted scheme is most favored among other things and that income schemes and open-ended schemes are preferred over closed- ended and growth schemes. News papers are used as information source, safety of principal amount and investor services are priority points for invest in mutual funds.Sujit Sikidar and Amrit Pal Singh (1996) conducted a survey to peep in to the behavioral aspects of the investors of the North-Eastern region in direction of equity and mutual fund investment. The survey showed that because of tax benefits mutual funds are preferred by the compensable and self-employed individuals. UTI and SBI schemes were most preferred in that region of the country over whatever other fund and the other funds had been proved archaic during the time of survey.Syama Sunder (1998) conducted a survey with an objective to get an in-depth view into the operations of private sector mutual fund with special reference to Kothari Pioneer. The survey tells that experience about mutual fund concept was unsatisfactory during that time in small cities standardized Visakapatanam. It also suggested that agents can help to catalyse mutual fund culture, open-ended options are much popular than any other schemes, asset management companys brand is chief consideration to invest in mutual fund. Anjan Chakarabarti and Harsh Rungta (2000) emphasised the importanceof brand in ascertaining competence of asset management companies. Shankar (1996) suggested that for cunning mutual fund culture deep in to society asset management companies have to imprint and steer the consumer product distribution model. Raja Rajan (1997) underlined segmentation of investors and mutual fund products to increase popularity of mutual funds.Objectives of body of work1. To study the investment pattern of Indian Investor.2. To find out the awareness level of investors regarding mutual funds.3. To find the type of scheme of mutual fund preferred by investor.4. To find out the importance of factors like liquidity, higher return, company reputation and other factors that influence investment decision of mutual fund holder.5. To find out awareness level of inves tors regarding Monthly Income Plan fund.6. To ascertain the most preferred factor for investing in MIP fund.Research MethodologyInvestors main objective is to earn higher returns keeping in mind the risk and liquidity factor. With this objective in mind, an investor is looking out for various investment avenues. Mutual funds offer comparatively better returns and have less risk as compared to direct investment in stock market. In this research paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the perception of investors regarding mutual fund investment with special emphasis on Monthly Income Plan funds.A survey was conducted in Pune urban center during the period June 2013 to September 2013. A sample of 150 individual mutual fund investors were surveyed through a pre-tested questionnaire. The investors were selected on the basis of those who have made prior investment in mutual funds and have some knowledge about the basic terminologies involved with mutual funds. An attempt has been mad e to find out the perception of investors regarding mutual fund investment and to identify the factors considered to be important by the investors before investing in any mutual fund. The awareness level of investors regarding Monthly Income Plan funds and their benefits is also studied.