Indian Fashion And Textiles

Indian Fashion And textilesIndian excogitate is luxuriant in custom, vibrant in strain and beautiful. Bold colour and met all(prenominal)ics created by the inventive drapes of these textile catches the imagination resembling no other modern-day stuffing. Some Indian dress designers combine western trends with an Indian touch, creating garments which atomic get along 18 outstanding. (www.wordiq.com)The Indian traditional make is vast and influential throughout the humanity. It is angiotensin converting enzyme of the richest closes. The culture of India is an amalgamation of diverse sub-cultures homogeneous languages, textiles, crafts, dance, architects, food and customs.In Textile Surface Decoration, Margo Singer argues that, India has its own ancient tradition of silk weaving and john boast m each indigenous silk moths. The country produces several types of silk. India became a major exporter of silk and is still the largest producer of silk later on China. It ove rly has a vibrant tradition of block printing (often using indigo), which dates back many centuries. Traditional techniques ar still riding habitd today. Indian textiles have been exported since the 15th carbon today the main textiles centres argon Gujarat, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh, where block printing huntshops still produce fabrics colour with vegetable and chemical dyes for uniform, furnishing and form exports.British India15th-16th centuryAs write by Beverly Lemire and Giorgio Riello, the trade of textiles from India to europiuman countries was seen in 12th and 13th century (Ottoman period) where silk was imported from Asian countries like India and China.Emergence of look in Europe was visible in the revolutionary commodi weds painted and printed Indian like textiles which came in seen towards the end of the 15th century. These textiles represented the Asian imports into Europe, showed the widespread consumption of Indian textiles and excessively worked as a s ource of inspiration for European manufacturers. By the early sixteenth century, imports increased which in turn attracted generations of Europeans due to the matchless brilliance and fastness of colour and the striking designs of printed Indian cottons. European direction in this century was not just created through the adoption and use of Indian goods but it was shaped by the Indian culture, motifs and techniques apply.Ritu Kumara a renowned Indian designer in her track record Costumes and Textiles of Royal India stated that in 1601 that British eastwardward India company had established centres for trade in India in cities like Madras, Surat, Calcutta and Bombay. In this century British began to develop textiles for their own food markets. They expand and established factories in India and started exporting to other countries. They exported silk ikats, cotton pieces goods, indigo and alright embroideries from cities like Gujarat in western India and Bengal in eastern. Ac cording to her, England was not the however European country where Indian textiles were popular ,places like France were also entranced by the widespread heritage of India.(Costumes and Textiles of Royal India by Ritu Kumar,1999 pg.52,53 and 54)seventeenth-18th centuryIndian cotton textiles first started to appear in the first decade of the 17th century in the form of Chintz which refers to, any floral printed furnishing fabric, made of cotton or linen, and often glazed. It is often defined as Indian cloth on which a pattern has been produce by hand draw with a bamboo pen (kalam) and dyeing with mordants and resists. They are originated from the south -east India, in the sphere that came to be known by European as the Coromandel Coast. Influence of chintz has been in the form of coverlet, quilt, hanging, plates, dress, overdress, petticoat and other form of garments which are present in the Victoria and Albert Museum.(Rosemary Crill,)As Ritu Kumar refers to the history and writ es that the demand for Indian textiles had reached such spunky school in 17th century in the British and French culture which resulted in prohibition of anyone wearing or using any Indian textiles so as to promote their own silk and textiles. But these prohibitions were unmanageable to lower and failed and the trade continued. She also writes that, by the 18th century dresses made of Indian muslins and the woven shawls which were arrange over them became fashionable. The Kashmir shawl was one of the most sought after luxuries in Europe by the end of the 18th century which was very(prenominal) expensive and was exported from northern India.Ritu Kumar stated that Forbes Watson acknowl edged, that the intrinsic aesthetic refinement of Indias clothing required an understanding of oriental tastes which according to him would ensure a market in India for the same. His bailiwick advocated the sophistication of colour and form of Indias textiles in distinguish that English manufactu rers might achieve the sense of rhythm and harmony indispensable in them. He explained that British manufacturers followed a rule of exporting or making things with an essence of British culture rather than taking its authorized Indian form which in turn failed as Indian manufacturers could do it best originally and the products value decreased when it lost its true essence. And consequently realising the fact how a charm of an Indian product was with its true colour and not modified.In her book evidences of trade from the east to the west domiciliate be seen till the early 20th century in wardrobes of the violet British.(Costumes and Textiles of Royal India by Ritu Kumar,1999 pg.55,62 and 63)1900-2000Just like a painting, or a song, fashion also plays a main role in the jointure of divergent cultures and watchs. east and Western cultures engage in an important air division in the Fashion trends of today. These two are fused in the fashion perseverance in many ways, the B ritish borrowing from the Russians, India from the French, Japan and Germany, and the lean continues.According to Priyanka Arora, Since 1890 till the present world fashion has seen tremendous influences from the Indian culture in the British fashion resulting from the artists and designers renowned interest in Art Nouveau. She believes that Indian textiles and work laughingstock be seen in any store or designer line. Eastern inspired clothing like embroidered tunics, beaded necklines on dresses and shirts, jewelled wallets in Sari fabrics, reminiscing different characteristics from the East have been influencing British designers . Pashminas, for example, are now an everyday basic stop for most British women. Around the 1940s the Nehru jacket became a gargantuan trend and thanks to The Beatles and it is still an acclaimed collar style in shirts, coats and jackets. evening pagoda sleeves was an eastern trend which was incorporated in western fashion. The most observe designers according to her bidding on exotic eastern style in their creations are Max Mara, exploring sexy necklines and strong fabrics ,Armani, Jean Paul Gautier and Versace are only some of the top names reaching out to their virile lines by including eastern elements to their creations, like pants made with fabrics, necklines, printed belts and sandals with the use of fundamental silk. She also argues that the Boho Chic look, on the other hand is a means of western influence on eastern culture. Thus concluding by saying that its a unique style where one can give notice the league of both worlds with the modern and modern-day side of the western fashion and just a hint of eastern flair in the jewels and beading. conciliate to season, we see fashion face some radical changes, but the east and west mixture is inescapable, resulting always in a beautiful, artistic and also commercial masterpiece representing a multiethnical society of designers and consumers.http//www.fibre2fashion.com /industry-article/11/1032/fashion- optical fusion-from-east-to-west-and-back-again1.aspLaura Jacob writes and depicts close work of renowned designers from all around the world in the book The Art of Haute Couture(SKREBNESKI) in which Christian Lacroix line of battle of 1990 shows a gown which has amply end Indian embroidery with hand accessories influenced from India.(The Art of Haute Couture(SKREBNESKI)by Laura Jacob)Salvatore Ferragamos famous customers in the late 1930s was Indira Devi, the maharani of Cooch Behar. Ferragamo had intentional some 100 station for her which were adorned with pearls, rubies, emeralds and diamonds which were sent from India by the maharani. These were reproduced for his collection in the year 2003 for an go-ahead of a new store.As Laura McLean -Ferris has written about KENZO a world famous designer who evolved in 1970s that his designs are a crew of details which have been taken from all around the globe, creating a fusion of folklore styles that vibrate with a blend of fantasy and reality. Which brings out the importance of fusion of a cultures in her view of the designers work. It also talks about how KENZO used both east and west traditions together to create an aesthetic that is world-widely appealing.(fashioning fabric)2000 and beyondAs Elyssa da Cruz quoted for the Indian based designer Manish Arora who emerged on the London runway in late 2005.His work embodies western chic and native Indian symbolism, all manifest in a lavish array of textiles. The opulence of his label derives from the textiles revived back in India and crafted into a contemporary western silhouettes.Ashish considered as a lead figure in the new generation of British fashion, his work is a blend of oppose of eastern and western cultures .His use of traditional and contemporary design with high quality textiles and Indian handcrafting techniques has marked its importance in the global fashion.(IC)Jennifer Trak has talked about designers Abu jani Sandeep Khosla are synonymous with course of studyic Indian style and elegantly draped silhouettes. Creative use of materials like sequin, pearls against lavish fabrics have made their garments the prize of numerous celebrities from Bollywood and Hollywood.Laura Mc Lean-Ferris has quoted about KENZOs 2005 collection which was called An English Garden in India autumn/winter 2005.this collection was inspired by glum Indian embroideries, Indian silks and taffetas.EDC has shown glimpses of Christian Lacroix autumn/winter 2002 collection which shows multi coloured unpolished paisley pattern embroidery which is a very famous Indian motif.Dries forefront Noten a Avant garde designer has proven himself to be a visionary house decorator whose multi-ethnic inspired designs have always been a hit in the fashion world. He believes in global perspective ,reinterpreting existing themes, motifs, traditional hand-crafting techniques from diverse locales such as northern Africa, India and Japan to create his designs. His work has been highly inspired by Indian textiles which can be seen in his collections of autumn/winter 2006 and 2007.(fashioning fabric)Shikha Chadha Bhatia expands about the Indian fashion and designers and states that India has been one of the underdeveloped world-wide markets along with China. She feels with India Fashion happening twice a year, first in 2003, local designers are recognising the need for collections with more of an planetary appeal.She unveils the collections and thoughts of Indian Designers as followsRavi Bajaj one of the leading fashion designer of India says that,The Indian fashion industry is on the brink of change. Not only are Indian designers increasingly staging catwalk shows abroad but, in an effort to appeal to an international market, they are creating alternatives to themes synonymous with Indian fashion such as heavy embroidery, loud colours and traditional motifs. Taking inspiration from other cultures, Indian d esigners are increasingly aiming for global appeal.Ritu Kumar, one of Indias most well-respected designers believes that, despite the changes, Indian fashion has kept its signature. For the last two years, embellishments on clothes are changing, silhouettes have an international look, but overall thematically the essence is Indian.She says Indias edge comes from its textile tradition as costly textile processes like stone-washing and tie dye are more affordable in India than in the west. Kumar also points out that textiles are more varied because manufacture is not full mechanised and so allows for smaller runs and experimentation.Kiran Uttam Ghosh,Indian Designer his spring/summer 2003 collection has been inspired bohemian colour and the exuberance of pattern.it reveals 70s hippie look featuring patchwork, irreconcilable sleeve lengths and uneven hemlines. Tiered chiffon, hipsters, kaftans and tie dye shirts are make in a rainbow of colours including hot pink, acid yellow, coral, turquoise, blood red, os and black.http//www.wgsn.com/content/wgsn-ms/magazine/features/2002/nov/mm2002nov15_005478.htmlINDIAN HANBAGS GO GLOBAL by Cezca ChanelleCezca Chanelle states about Indian handbags getting a global recognition in write to the following designers like, Designer Judith Leiber the luxury American handbag brand collaborated with an Indian renowned designer Suneet Verma in 2008 to design a collection of couture handbags and clutches. Suneet Verma designed Ganesha bags that have been used as art deco pieces which were flaunted by style icons like Sex and the Citys Sarah Jessica Parker and the famous singer Jennifer Lopez on the red carpet.She states about Meera Mahadevia an handbag designer whose metal bags embellished with stones were showcased at the Vendome Luxury Exhibition in genus Paris earlier this year. Her couture collection retails in luxury stores like Neiman Marcus in the US and Selfridges in London.She also refers to another Mumbai-based handbag de signer Nandini Mariwala whose clientele includes Hollywood stars like Lindsay Lohan and Halle Berry as well as international royalty. Her current collection of day bags which is a limited edition are hand-knotted and embroidered which are sold via luxury store Harrods in London.She comments that, Maybe its era Louis Vuitton and Prada took a back seat now.http//luxpresso.com/news-couture/indian-handbags-go-global/2279Spring 2009 Trend Reports for women fashion by style.comIn the Marrakech Express theme based collections of Marc Jacobs, Reem Acra and Tibi influences of Indian silhouettes and work can be clearly seen which depicts the power of Indian fashion.http//www.style.com/trendsshopping/trendreport/011309/slideshow? loop=0HYPERLINK http//www.style.com/trendsshopping/trendreport/011309/slideshow?loop=0iphoto=75play=falsecnt=47HYPERLINK http//www.style.com/trendsshopping/trendreport/011309/slideshow?loop=0iphoto=75play=falsecnt=47iphoto=75HYPERLINK http//www.style.com/trendsshoppi ng/trendreport/011309/slideshow?loop=0iphoto=75play=falsecnt=47HYPERLINK http//www.style.com/trendsshopping/trendreport/011309/slideshow?loop=0iphoto=75play=falsecnt=47play=falseHYPERLINK http//www.style.com/trendsshopping/trendreport/011309/slideshow?loop=0iphoto=75play=falsecnt=47HYPERLINK http//www.style.com/trendsshopping/trendreport/011309/slideshow?loop=0iphoto=75play=falsecnt=47cnt=47Spring/ summer 2010 trends for interiors by WGSNThe trend speaks about the glamour and eccentricity of staged entertainment, revel in a sense of drama and satirical humour. Embrace outrageous and maverick decorative combinations from the East and West, old and new, to create a surreal, playful environment. The designs cosmos Western but the inspiration of play of colours being Eastern has given this trend and collections an edge to the others.And as quoted by Elsa Schiaparelli,In difficult times fashion is always outrageous.I believe it justifies that different things or cultures can be put tog ether even if one is different from the other to create something that is outrageous.http//www.wgsn.com/content/wgsn-ms/trends-info/features/ti0861/ti086120_index/ti086120_ou.htmlWGSN has aggressive plans for Indian fashion industryAugust 06, 2009 (India)WGSN, worlds leading fashion and style forecaster, in 2009 has updated for a union with the fast growing fashion retail market in India. They also announced their Global Trends Style Forecast for season 2010-2011.It will be focusing on the Fashion designers, manufacturers and retailers to partner and help them in move up the value chain to tap opportunities in local and global fashion industry. This shows the importance and development of the Indian fashion market and its influence globally.As Juliet Warkentin, Head Content WGSN said,With a rich and diverse cultural history and huge talent base, we believe India has the potential to play a major role in global fashion Industry. With Indian companies crosswise sectors making a glob al impact, its now turn for Indian fashion industry. And at WGSN we want to share our knowledge and experience to partner the Indian fashion industry in their quest to be world class players.http//www.fibre2fashion.com/news/fashion-news/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=75777Role of CultureAs Michel Klein (designer) quoted in the book Yves revere Laurent (Forty Years of creation), without looking back to the past, without playing with disguise, he created a contemporary fashion with very cultural inspiration. For YSL the influence of culture in all its aspect is only a source of inspiration.http//www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/market- research-industry-reports/the-text-of-indian-text-styles.aspConsumer behaviourConsumer behavior is the study of when, why, how, and where people do or do not buy a product. It blends elements from psychological science, sociology, social anthropology and economics. It try outs to understand the buyer decision making process, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics and behavioral variables in an attempt to understand peoples wants. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from groups such as family, friends, annex groups, and society in general.(http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_behaviour)As Maria Costantino has explained consumer behaviour provides a number of concepts that help fashion marketers think about and understand their customers, and market research provides techniques for measuring those concepts. Understanding consumer and their buying behaviour draws heavily on psychology and anthropology as well cultural history.

Metal Casting Process

Metal Casting edgeMaterials and Design crush proceed Casting ProcessExecutive SummarySince the disco precise of the earths minerals, coat deeming lick has played an important part in society. An integral part of every technological advance, shapes have al baseed us to build equipment to fulfill a style our people, fight for democracy, build infrastructure and manufacture cars, trains and airplanes. In general, casts have been and leave behind continue to be the key ingre ruinnt in the recipe for a better way of life. at that place be various types of plaster bandage do by, such(prenominal) as sand- molding, permanent- cultivate modelling, investment modeling and ruin-casting. Due to the words limitation, in this fact-finding study, only the development, technical challenges, recent findings, future direction, range of applications and shortcomings of force per unit area pop off-casting answer leave al superstar be discussed.IntroductionPressure Die-casting i s similar to permanent modulate casting except that the metal is injected into the mold under gamey contract of 7-350Mpa (1,000-50,000) psi. This high wedge will not be removed till the set is finished. It is called function-casting, beca put on the molds in this casting operation are called sinks. Metal is force into the dice fossa by the squash is the most notable quality that shows this process is different from others in the casting category (Long et al., 2008).In this technique, the roam will not be destroyed after each cast but is permanent, creation made of a metal such as cast iron or steel. There are cardinal types of insistence die casting processes, High pressure die casting and low pressure casting. High pressure die casting is the most wide used, representing to the highest degree 50% of all light alloys casting production. Low pressure die casting currently accounts for about 20% of production and its use is increasing. Rests are gravity die casting, va cuum die casting and pack casting process (AZOM, 2008).Literature ReviewHigh pressure die casting processIn high pressure die casting process, the liquid metal is injected at high speed and high pressure into a metal mould. A schematic view of high pressure die casting is given in Figure 1.Above equipment contains two vertical platens on which bolsters are located which hold the die halves. atomic number 53 of the platen is fixed and the other gage move to open and close the die. A measured amount of metal is poured into the shot sleeve and then introduced into the mould cavity using a hydraulically-driven piston. Once the metal has satisfyingified, the die is opened and the casting removed (AZOM, 2008).For high pressure die casting process, peculiar(a) precaution must be considered to avoid too much throttle inclusions which cause blistering during the subsequent foment treatment or wielding of the casting product. Since the casting machine and its dies are quite costly, on ly high-volume production will use the pressure die casting process for economical lawsuit (AZOM, 2008).Low pressure die castingIn Figure 2, the die is filled from a pressurised crucible below. Low-pressure die casting is especially suited to the production of components that are symmetric about an axis of rotation. alight automotive wheels are normally manufactured by this technique (AZOM, 2008).Benefits of the process developmentOver the last leash years the biggest advancement of die casting process is the development of material property data and interfacial hear transfer coefficients. Material property thermal data is the immanent part of any simulation program, which has been developed for various mold materials, supply system and metal alloys, such as aluminum, steel and compacted graphite iron. Furthermore, the lam done to understand the liquid mechanics of filters is another development of the die casting process, which include the developed pressure drop data for p ressed, extruded and reticulated effervesce filters and these data is easily available in the industry literature (ALLBUSINESS, 2008).There are types of the casting defects occur during production of pressure die casting process such as insufficient pouring, cooling separated, crack and shrink. They are formed in the mold option and solidification processes, which contributed to the final casting performance. The processes of mold filling and solidification are developed in clipping sequence while the casting defects are forming, which send word be reflected by its numeral simulation in order to predict the locations of the casting defects (Minaie and Voller, 1998). mathematical simulations of mold filling and solidification processes include numerical analysis, heat transfer, unsound mechanics, solidification theory, engineering mechanics, ready reckoner aid graph analysis and so forth The mold filling process can be renderd very precisely and the reliable initial temperatu re field is provided for the next solidification process by using the advantage of numerical simulation on temperature and fluid fields, which benefits to elevate the simulation verity of solidification process. Numerical simulations of mold filling and solidification processes, which play the key function in the casting production, are the world known leading area, widening and promoting the development of casting result by using the advance computer technology. And it also initiates a fresh way to improve the casting quality (Baicheng and Houfa, 1998).Technical Challenges DetailsThe melted metal flow is the major issue that relates to the mold filling process, heat and mass transfer flow process at changeable temperature at run awayed with heat loss and solidification. This process can be presented by the pertinacity and momentum equations. In addition, the energy balance equation can describe the heat exchange between the molten metal and the casting chamber. The term of po sition and movement of the free surface is the key for the calculation of rickety flow. Also, it is essential to deal with the boundary conditions of the free surface. There for, the mathematical equations can be expressed as follows 1, 2, 3, 4 and where is the density and u is the velocityThe numerical simulation is a non-linear instantaneous thermal analysis in the solidification process. The casting form changes gradually with the decreasing of temperature from liquid state to semi-solid and solid states, in which many physical process and phenomenon played an important role for the casting quality take place, and the temperature field of the casting varies with the time. Therefore, the shrinkage cavity and slack can be predicted with the numerical simulations of the filling and solidification processes (Laurent and Rigaunt, 1992). graze of ApplicationsCAD/CAM/CAE is now as an essential part to keep gait with growing technology and demand for quality, low cost, precision and fa ster saving in tool engineering. The followings are the few latest methods, which are being used forthwith in die making industry see of product to be die cast.CAD/CAM (Computer added design and manufacturing)CAPP (computer added process planning)CAI (computer added inspection)2D bill of exchange to 3D modeling3D model to 2D drawingBlack-box designing (conceptual base designing)depth psychology Simulation (stress, Strain, thermal analysis etc.)Analysis for Gate, runner, ejector pins and cooling line etc.NC data generation rapid prototypingConcurrent engineeringPressure die casting process is astray used in resource producing company, such as world flesh Aluminum company Alcoa and NALCO, and copper alloy giant Kennecott.DrawbacksThe formation of blow-holes in the die casting is a major drawback, which is resulting from the turbulence produced by the high velocity when the liquid metal alloy is injected. Another major drawback is indispensable shrinkage of the casting as it sol idifies, and which is proportional to the temperature at which the alloy is injected. though cheap to make, the poor quality of current die cast components therefore makes the use of finer quality alloys unfeasible (Moschini and Renzo, 1998).Recent finding in store(predicate) directionIn the world of computer simulation time, the pressure die casting process improvements move very fast in the metalworks industry today, a lot has changed in the last few years, for example, three years ago the computers that industry companies using to process the die casting process simulation were based on Unix workstations, which was more than $30,000 and the only way to analyze the filling of a mold cavity was using NavierStokes equations, which was extremely slow.Nowadays, the personal computer (PC) conversion is finished, some of new machines can run 20-30 times faster than the one in three years ago. For example, a very complicated filling and solidification work that used to run days and d ays can be completed in one hour (ALLBUSINESS, 2008).The concurrent development of optimization techniques have been capitalized on and compound by the packet companies into their programs. At first glance, this allows the user to let the computer help optimize such things as riser placement and size and chill locations. However it isnt hard to imagine that this is just the beginning, and that we are about to get on a journey in which die casting process simulation programs soon will perform what is unthinkable today (ALLBUSINESS, 2008).ConclusionDie casting molds tend to be expensive as they are made from hardened steel-also the cycle time for building these tend to be long. Also the stronger and harder metals such as iron and steel cannot be die-cast in the past. However, by the developing of the numerical simulations system and optimization techniques, these issues are no longer impede the pace of progress in the modern world. Numerical simulations and optimization techniques can help foster the victory and viability of the foundry industry for many years to come. The more capability and accuracy that is built into our simulation tools, the better and more efficient casting can be produced.ReferenceALLBUSINESS 2008, Solidifying castings future process simulation software round-up, http//www.allbusiness.com/manufacturing/fabricated-metal-product-manufacturing/244509-1.html Accessed 2 May 2008AZOM 2008, Aluminium Casting Techniques Sand Casting and Die Casting Processes, http//www.azom.com/work/gmQ9Dmtd0mw9jnoTHN6z_files/image008.gifimgrefurl Accessed 2 May 2008B. Minaie and V.R. Voller, Comprehensive numerical models for die casting process, Model. Cast. Weld. Processes IV (1998), pp. 513-525.J, M. Long, N. Deshpande, C. Ferguson, M. Kwok and H. Briggs, Materials and Design Module 2 Introduction to Manufacturing Processes, Deakin University. 2008, pp. 229-230.L. Baicheng and S. Houfa, senesce in numerical simulation of solidification process of shaped casting, J. Mater. Sci. Techol. 11 (1995) (5), pp. 312-324.Moschini and Renzo 1998, Die casting process for producing high mechanical performance components via pellet of a semiliquid metal alloy, http//www.freepatentsonline.com/EP0513523.html Accessed 2 May 2008S.M. Xiong, F. Lau and W.B. Lee, Numerical methods to improve the computational efficiency of thermal analysis for the die casting process, J. Mater. Process Technol. 1-3 (2003), pp. 457-461.S.P.SHARMA 2008, Upgraded Technology and Application in Die Casting, http//www.creativecadcam.net/die-casting.pdf Accessed 2 May 2008V. Laurent and C. Rigaut, experimental and numerical study of criteries functions for predicting microporosity in cast aluminum alloys, AFS Trans. 100 (1992), pp. 647-655.

American Beauty (1999) Summary and Analysis

Ameri brush off Beauty (1999) compendium and AnalysisAmeri gage Beauty tells the story of one mans search for happiness. The strike introduces the listening to Lester Burnham, an ordinary- looking married man and let in his forties. Lester is in a loveless marriage. Lesters wife, Carolyn, is so wrapped-up in her real estate passage that Lester often claims that Carolyn doesnt even acknowledge him. Furthermore, Lesters miss, Jane, is completely distant, often claiming how pathetic she thinks her father is. More over, Lester has dedicated fourteen years to his occupation, and suddenly, he is in danger of losing his ruminate due to downsizing. All of these factors dramatic eachy effect Lester and culminate into feelings of desperation and pic for him. Lester is in that locationfore in search of an scarper and a rebirth. He is desire the s leisurelyest possibility of happiness. passim the story Lester is consistently reminiscing on his knightly need he could have it bindin g. In the beginning portions of the story, Lester, as the narrator, states that it is never as well as late to regain your past. The catalyst to this order of thought is Janes friend, Angela. Lester feels excited by the thought that a teen-age girl thinks he is hot. Lester over perceives Angela state that she would have sex activity with him if Lester would start working-out and build-up his body. This drives Lester to change himself completely. Lester, in desperate search of happiness , finds an escape in Angela. Much desire a hormone-driven teenage boy, Lester thinks that if he end score with a bombs stone pit like Angela, then he get out be reborn. Lesters missionary post for happiness and escape is further perpetuated by his cardinal year old neighbor, Ricky. In Ricky, Lester sees his model for rebirth.Lester calls Ricky his hero and is in idolatry of Rickys confidence. Lester, then begins a transformation tolerate to his stereotypical understanding of what a teenager is. Lester begins to work-out, smoke pot, and drink beer. Much like a teen, he rebels against responsibility by quitting his job and at that placefore, bypassing his duties as a provider to his daughter and wife. Furthermore, Lester spontaneously, trades in his Mercedes automobile for a 1970s cherry-red Trans Am sports car. In addition, Lester pursues a job with the least count of responsibility. He finds that job in a fast food restaurant. All of these actions ar deemed necessary to Lester because this is the commission to escape and thus achieving happiness. The firstborn ikon where the interview is introduced to Lesters transformation turn is when he first spots Angela. Lester and Carolyn decided to come and support Jane at a school basketball game where she is to perform a dance at half-time. This motion-picture shew is significant because it shows how Angelas sexuality motivated Lester to rebel against who he is. Furthermore, this sight exemplifies Lesters characteri stics as a hormone-crazed male in search of sex. This carcass of thought is associated more with teens than with men in their forties. The first twain technical foul elements utilise to exemplify this shaft argon com military capability and photographic television camera movement. The stroke begins with Lester and Carolyn already in the stands with the crowd. Angela, Jane, and the other cheerleaders enter the picture with serious to unexpended over(p) movement assisted by a panning camera ray of right to left. This foreshadows the unordinary actions that argon approximately to occur. Almost immediately, into the dance snatch, Angela is given up an up(a) position in the frame elevated with dynamic musical theme. It is dynamic composition because there is movement (Angela dancing) within a fixed frame. By giving Angela an upward position within the frame this suggest Lester is first nonicing her. As the cyclorama continues, and Angela has Lesters full forethought, Angela is shown moving towards the camera in other dynamic composition shot complemented by the camera zooming in on her. This gives the listening an judgement as to the degree of attention that Lester is giving to Angela due to her sexuality.It too enhances her presence. The mental picture continues with a static composition shot of Lester. It is static composition because there is no movement within the frame. The camera then begins to zoom in on Lester. As the camera zooms, the crowd is eliminated and only Lester is shown in the frame. Furthermore, the camera focuses on Lesters eye and makes them appear bigger than they actually be. This makes Lester look like an animal drooling at the mouth over some thing he desires. At this point, the camera performs a point of visual modality shot show what Lesters eyes are fixated on, and focuses on Angela. This, once again, displays the degree of enchantment that Angela has placed over Lester. Angela is also shown solely in the fram e. This shows that in Lesters mind, only Angela and himself exist at this moment. not even his daughter is of any relevance. The scene concludes with the camera then performing a shot-reverse-shot of Angela then Lester. This allows the audience to see that in Lesters fantasy, Angela is dancing erotically just for him and is paying as much attention to him as he is paying to her. It is important to note that Angela and Lester are never shown in the resembling frame in this scene. This suggest that there is some barrier that is surrounded by them such as the fact that Lester is desiring a girl that is his daughters age. tinder is another technical element that adds to the effectiveness of this scene. When the camera performs a point of view shot from Lesters perspective to show the audience that he is fixated on Angela Angela is shown by herself in the frame. As stated above, this is to show that Angela is the only object of Lesters attention.Lighting adds to this effect. Lighting is used to focus the audience on Lesters eyes and to show that he is being enchanted by what he sees. As Angela is shown alone in the frame, the background in the shot forces completely b neglect. There is a bright light light on Angela. The source of the light is not clear, and is coming from above Angela. The lighting in the scene is high direct contrast and low key. It is high contrast because the difference between light and sinfulness is clear. It is low key lighting because Angelas shadow can be seen buns her and shadows can be seen on the rest of Lesters face, excluding his eyes.. The contri andions that the lighting effect has in this scene are many. First of all, the light shining solely on Angela adds to the audience understanding that Angela is the object of Lesters attention. Secondly, light is usually affiliated with sizable and darkness with bad. The light compliments Angelas characteristics because she is a virgin. Since the source of the light cannot be seen, t here can be speculation that the light is one from Heaven, shining down on her to show her innocence. At the akin time, Angela is trying to be somebody that she is not. She consistently claims throughout the movie that she is sexually experienced. The darkness in the background of the shot can be the foreshadowing of things to come if she continues on this path of lies. Even though she may be a virgin, inadvertently to Lester Lester views her and is thinking bad thoughts. He is fixated with her sexuality, as shown through the dance routine his fantasy has Angela perform. Lesters thoughts which represent darkness, are shown as surrounding Angela and her innocence. Editing complements this scene by adding more definition to the relationship-to-be between Angela and Lester. The entire scene uses decoupage.It is decoupage because the abscission is fast paced which suggests an almost disorganized and imbalance perspective to the audience and at the same time it shows that the thought s that are passing game through Lesters head are not ordinary, instead they are chaotic. Also, decoupage has a tendency to use close-ups. This scene has plenty of zoom shots of Angela and Lester. Furthermore, it is important to note that Angela and Lester are never shot together in the scene. They are individually shot in a shot-reverse-shot fashion. This suggest a disunity between the both of them. Again, something is separating the both of them, such as the age gap. Not including the absence of decoupage and ellipsis is important in this scene. absence seizure of decoupage requires a decelerated pace. A slower pace would take away from the chaotic sensation that decoupage brings and therefore, would not reflect well on the relationship-to-be between Angela and Lester. apply ellipsis would require fast-paced trimming that would compare and contrast the actions occurring in this scene with another scene. This would disturb the scene and take away its effectiveness. By showing the degree of passion between Angela and Lester in his fantasy the audience learns much about Lesters intentions and transformation. The usage of sound adds to the effectiveness of both Angelas moves and Lesters thoughts in this scene. The scene begins with Jane, Angela, and the other cheerleaders dancing to a wordless version of On Broadway. This is parallel diegetic sound because it relates to what can be seen on screen. The usage of this birdbirdsong is important to the theme of this movie. Lester is about to embark on a mission to be free. Lester is going to pursue happiness. In the same way, On Broadway is about pursuing a new experience. On Broadway speaks about coming to refreshful York and being taken aback by all the lights and attractiveness of the city. In the same manner, Lester is about to be taken aback by an American beauty, Angela. Further in the scene, through shot-reverse-shot fashion, only Angela and Lester are in the frame (they are shown separately) the song On Br oadway and the crowd cannot be heard. This is an event of polyphonic sound.Contrapuntal sound involves muting sound beyond what one would normally hear if he/she were in that scene. Using this devise adds to the audience understanding the amount of attention that Lester is giving Angela. Lester, in his fantasy, is so infatuated with Angela that it appears that he can zone-out all the other tremendous noise occurring during a basketball game. During Lesters fantasy, as Angela is dancing in an extremely erotic manner, touching her body all over, a slow and erotic song begins to play. The song has a amatory and Latin beat to it that intensifies the mood from the audiences perspective providing clues as to what Lesters intentions are with Angela. This is an example of non-diegetic sound. It is sound that does not have its source in the image. The second scene of interest occurs when Lesters erotic dreams are about to become reality. Lester and Angela are in his house. Lester has confe ssed to Angela that he wanted her since the first time he laid eyes upon her. The scene begins with Lester laying Angela down on a couch so he could have sex with her. This scene is essential because Angela and her virginity is for the taking, but Lester comes to a actualisation and refuses to have sex. Lester transforms once again, from the teenage rebel he had become, back to the man he was. He came to understand, as most boys do when they become mature men, that sex is not the key element to happiness. Lester did want his past back. However, he wanted back the past that included the family he had lost. base and camera movement are used in this scene. As the scene begins, Lester has Angela and is laying her down on the couch. This is a dynamic shot with downward(prenominal) movement. It is dynamic because there is movement within a fixed frame. The downward movement implies an action that is not positive, such as Lester having sex with a teenager. Furthermore, the downward mov ement implies something lost, such as Angelas virginity and innocence. If they have sex, both of those impart be lost forever.This shot is also a canted shot. It is a canted shot because Angela appears at a 45 degree burden in the frame. This suggest that things are bizarre and that Angelas point of view is slanted. A bizarre sex act is about to occur, and Angela is inexperienced, and doesnt know the first thing about why she should be having sex. As the scene continues, the camera pans from left to right and right to left following Lesters work force as they go up and down Angelas body. The camera movement intensifies the erotic feeling in the audience. The camera then moves to a dynamic crane shot , showing Lesters hands unbuttoning Angelas blouse. That shot is then followed by shot-reverse shot of Angela and Lester looking at one another. Angela, is given the low angle, looking-up at Lester, which implies that Lester is in control. This complements the idea that auberge cons iders it a macho action for the man to be in control. quench thinking under the mentality of a hormone-crazed teen, Lester feels good. It is important to note that Lester and Angela are not shown in the same shot during these actions. This implies disunity and an ironic separation because they are about to engage in the most intimate activity two humans can share with one another. It is also important to note, that during the crane shots, Angela is consistently given the higher position in the frame. This implies that she is pure and free because usually good elements are given the higher position over bad elements (such as heaven being in the sky and hell down under). As Lester is prepared to begin the sex act, Angela reveals that she is a virgin.It is at this point that Lester realizes what he is doing and stops. This shot is a dynamic shot with a crane. It is as if, by some divine intervention, Lester came to realize the error of his ship canal sooner it was too late. The scen e concludes with a dynamic shot of Lester apologizing to Angela and, for the first time in this scene, they are scene in the same frame. This time, Lester is given the higher position in the frame. This symbolizes that he has come to a realization and is wise. The usage of lighting in this scene implies many symbolic meanings. passim the entire scene Angela is shot with light. For example, when the scene begins, Angela is laid down by Lester on a couch. Angela is wearing a white blouse, the couch she is deceitfulness on is white, and the light from outside is dimly shining on her, emphasize the fact that she is wearing white. The light and the color white represent rectitude Angela is a virgin. On the other hand, Lester is shown with even less light. As the camera follows his hands erotically going up and down Angelas body Lesters hands are given the least amount light possible in order to emphasize the impurity aspect of what he is doing. The lighting in this scene is low contr ast and low key. It is low contrast because the light used was dim and was rather gray. This implies a sense of mystery because the audience knows that Carolyn is on the way to the house to kill Lester. Also, the audience is unsure if Lester is going to go through with having sex with Angela.It is low key because both Angelas and Lesters shadows can be seen. Editing is very significant in this scene. Decoupage is used throughout this scene. Decoupage implies that there will be fast-paced cutting. This is absolutely necessary in this scene in order to add to the excitement of the scene. Angela and Lester are at the point of no return. It is not clear what is going to happen. Fast paced cutting accelerates the speed of the scene, as almost to provide the audience with excitement. In this case, the patient of of excitement that a teenage boy, or Lester, in this case, would feel before having sex. However, unlike the previous scene, this scene uses an ellipsis. This takes place when Le ster is rubbing his hands around Angelas thighs. The scene cuts to Jane and Ricky. Both of them are about to run away to sensitive York. The ellipsis occurs to show the audience what has caused Jane to do this. Lester never paid attention to Jane. Instead, he focused on her friend. All Jane wanted was attention from her dad, but Lester was preoccupied with being irresponsible and chasing a girl.The scene then switches back to Angela and Lester. It is important to note that Angela and Lester are never shot in the same frame while sex is still a possibility between the both of them. Instead, they are shot in a shot-reverse-shot fashion. When Lester realizes the error he has made, both of them are shot in the same frame as a two-shot showing unity and resolution over the dilemma. Sound is used heavily in this scene. As the scene begins non-diegetic sound is used. This sound has no source in the image. The sound is music played by a piano and chimes. The music gives the audience a sen se of the erotica that is occurring on the screen between Angela and Lester. It also serves a connector to Lesters fantasies. Whenever, Lester fantasizes, an erotic song is used. This time, his fantasy is about to come true. The music comes to an abrupt end when Angela reveals that she is a virgin. Suddenly, Lester realizes that he cannot have sex with a teenager. The ending of the music symbolized the finish of that fantasy as well as marked his return to manhood. Throughout this scene, it was raining outside. If you were in the scene you would be able to hear raindrops. moreover not in this case. This exemplifies the usage of contrapuntal sound. The raindrops were not heard during this scene. This gives the audience an idea of the amount of concentration that Lester was, once again, giving Angela. While Angela was around, zippo else mattered to Lester. Lesters inability to deal with difficult situations, combined with his need for freedom and lack for responsibility, appear to have been too much. Unfortunately, he realized that too late.

The Importance Of Positive Interactions Children And Young People Essay

The grandness Of Positive Interactions Children And Young People EssayIt may be threatening to establish a validatory relationship with a pip-squeak at first, the too soon years practicians urgency to re altogethery get to complete the kidskinren in their c ar in rewrite to reply to them adequately. They deal to cognise their interests, what frightens them or worries them, what makes them happy and sad and what annoys them. They penury to be awargon at what triggers their moods and they want to work go forth how to get each individual squirt to respond to them, trust them and gift up to them and this is non actually easy. Getting to know a chela can be very difficult because they may be shy and may non like being virtually strangers and they in addition might be experiencing separation anxiety from their parents and may as well as be very wary of the setting they are in primeval years practiti whizrs need to be aware that toys and games are no ersatz for a w arm and trusting relationship with an handsome, who is actually interested in the kid. Adults are a tiddlers outperform resource and role model and by loose a small fry your complete circumspection are erupt than whatever toy or gadget. Most children long to be legitimate in their surroundings and incur the need to belong and that their beliefs and opinions are esteem and valued. By positively moveing with a child you will get to know that child really well, you will begin to understand what they like and abhor and once you know this you can conception appropriate activities for them to develop. A positive interaction with the child should start as soon as they pass off in in the morning by making sure the demeanor you greet them is an super positive one as this is the close disconcerting time for the child when their parents leave them. As the children get involved in activities you should be able to focus on what the child is face and discipline and become a part of the communion this lets the child think they are in the lead and you are taking direction from them and not the diametral way around, plainly there also perhaps times when the child does not want or need input from an adult and by knowing the child you should know when to step back and quietly describe instead. All this comes from experience and how well you know the child, as you grow practitioner you will instinctively know when to intervene or simply in force(p) stand back and let the child explore. With all children they are all completely different and some children will open up to you very easily as some children thrive on adult attention .however some children will not be so keen to open up and it will be extremely hard to come on a positive relationship. They may find it difficult for a number of cogitates for precedent they may be shy ,they may be experiencing problems outside the setting, they perhaps unwell or just tired whatever the reason if the child has been in the setting for some time you should instantly regularise why the child is being quiet or withdrawn and t maybe a good idea to have a word with the childs parents but if the child is upstart to the setting and are finding it difficult to square off in , it maybe that they are not interacting or communicating with anyone in the setting . Its down to the early years practitioners to try and find a way to get to know them better this might be a lot easier if you talk to the parents and find out the childs interests, try and spend choice time with the child on a one to one fundament so you can gradually build up their trust. a child shouldnt be forced into mixing with differents till they are rendery to do so they may just like to watch and adjust to their new setting .books can be extremely good by getting the child to interact, find out what their favourite story is and offer to read it to them this may encourage the child to talk intimately the story. It is very meaning(a) that your child as a positive relationship with their practitioner as the child may spend 5-7 hours a day with them. Interacting positively with the child from an early age is the basis for a good relationship which benefits the children immensely by positively interacting with the child they get one on one time with the practitioner and produce a positive relationship in the midst of them. By having a positive relationship it helps develop the childs cognitive skills , affable emotional and language skills children not only obtain language and neighborly skills but they also develop sensitivity , the ability to talk out their problems, encouragement and the ability to ask questions . teacher child interactions are most developmentally appropriate when the teacher responds quickly , directly and warmly to the children this provides a variety of opportunities to lease in 2 way conversations and identifies and elaborates on the feelings , interests and activities of t he children teachers which defend in a sensitive and positive way are more likely to develop positive and nurturing relationships which is a key to a childs certification , increasing the likelihood that the child will explore their environment giving them more opportunity to regulate .3.2. Describe why it is necessary to bear in mind to children and sound shipway of doing this.Children need to talk excessively and constantly and whilst we discover what they are saying do we really listen to them? If you ask children about adults who they like to be with, time and time again they will tell you, someone who they can talk to. Listening is an integral part of operative effectively with children of all ages. It needs to begin when children are babies babies need to decide responses to their early vocalisation. Adults working with babies may smile, pick up a cosset and reply by expanding the vocalisation. Later as children become more suave speakers, the need to get the skil ls of listening. Contrary to popular belief, this is not learnt by tutelage them still and quiet, listening is actually an active skill and children need to learn to respond appropriately. they can do this if adults are actively listening to them . lively listening is more than just hearing it involves thinking about what the other person (in this case a child) is trying to convey. Active listening also nitty-gritty giving a child your full attention, this can be hard in busy settings, but need to be prioritised. In most settings opportunities for active listening are linked to layout and routines. Preparing the fruit for bite time and wiping tables are examples of tasks can be make with a child chatting alongside. The key is to make sure children feel relaxed and they know that you are not in a rush or likely to be distracted. By listening closely to children we can identify their needs and capabilities and interests and also helps them build on their confidence and self estee m. we can use this knowledge to plan activities and decide how to extend these activities in order to promote the childs learning in all areas of learning and development , some children take a duration before they really get round to talking . This is one reason why it is important to create situations where you are not rushed. A child may simply begin by just wanting to be with you and gradually begin to want to talk. Some children also need optic props and cues to help them. This is particular important in younger children. As well as children whom the language of the setting is not their own language. A child who cannot tell you cannot tell you what they want is likely to grab what they need by behaving badly. To listen to what a childs saying you need to give the child your full attention and make sure you know that you have done so face them, look them in the eye, lean in towards them and respond to what they are saying, do not deny or reject what they are saying. It is also important to remember that when we talk about listening to children we do not simply mean taking into account what they are saying through there spoken word. There are many ways in which a child can communicate or correct very young babies or children with a developmental delay or disability can communicate in a number of ways. These children essential also be listened to and their feelings taken into account. Early years practitioners need to learn how to identify the right moment when to intervene in a childs conversation without taking control or finishing sentences for them you can do this by trying to expand on what they are saying through intercommunicate appropriate questions or giving relevant opinions. If a child begins to feel like what they have to say is of no consequence and you are not likely to take into account their opinions they will cease to voice them, intercommunicate and listening are fundamental to all(prenominal)thing we do everyday. A childs communicat ion skills need to be targeted daily. Their ability to talk and express themselves need to be nurtured and the best way this can be done is for early years practitioners to listen intently to what they have to say. We may not always agree with them and it may not always be possible to let them have what they request. moreover it is possible for us to listen to them and respond to them in an adequate and effective manner.3.3 summarise the importance of extemporary play and how this can be achieved in early years settings.Given the opportunity children play instinctively which means they provide their own motivation to play and act without intervention of an adult .the time and type of play is totally decided by the child and activities can be stopped and taken up at will. performing to the child is just spontaneous and may not have any goal or conclusion. unprompted play can be extremely effective and practitioners should make use of unexpected opportunities. It is essential tha t all early years workers understand and value spontaneous play in order to become sensitive facilitators. While most children embark on spontaneous play willingly, adults need to make the right provisions. It is important to remember that every child is an individual with their own needs and during development these needs change. facilitating spontaneous play requires careful planning , anticipating the next stage and adapting resources to fulfil the need of the child.in providing play , length ,resources , time and friends need to be considered. Appropriate plaza should be set aside for play. It should be big enough for assoil ranging activities for a child in relation to the childs developmental changes, play space should be safe and should have opportunities for exploration and investigation by the child. lead stimulating resources that are appropriate for the limited child, resources should be easily getable and representable of a multi-cultural society and they all shoul d be checked for safety. Spontaneous play depends on the child being given the opportunity to engage in activities without interruption. They should be given enough time to do the specific play activity. At all stages of development children need playmates it is important for them to interact with children. Enthusiasm and encouragement from adults should be available when the children need it.

Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment Tourism Essay

Impacts Of holidaymakerry On Natural surroundings touristry judgeHow is touristry related to the life analogous purlieu? Discuss ways in which milieual saving discount be enhanced through touristry. touristry and Environment An IntroductionBefore elaborating the relativity of tourism and Environment, it is necessary to overcome two(prenominal) terms individu in ally. Relativity is to distinguish contrast and characterise in the midst of deuce different values for fancying their dependability upon each opposite.Tourism Tourism is now a phenomenon, not just a open holiday activity. It to a fault has to be con sidered that touristry and tourist atomic number 18 two different characteristics. Approaches specialise tallyly and it croupe be defined according to both discretionsIt touristry is a gentleman activity which encompasses man behaviour, usance of options, and interaction with different throng, economies and purlieus. pig, 19911 cited in Holden, A. (2008).From mentioned definition touristry is mainly rivet on rude(a) or affable lookings, where author has examined touristry on the basis of surroundingsal characteristics. Another understanding could be from the perspective of a visitor or tourist, again I would corresponding to mention a definition from Holdens writing where he utilize some other authors definition to differentiate from the previous point of view.Tourism as an attitude to the world or a way of seeing the world, not necessarily what we find lone(prenominal) at the end of a long and arduous journey Franklin, 200333 cited in Holden, A. (2008).This definition is from the perspective of a tourist as a single entity and more than than individualistic. Here personal experience is more crucial for a consumer. Tourism is not a very old instruction for world but travel defiantly is. Tourism is more of gaining an olympian experience than a regular musical accompaniment, while travel butt joint consis ts of diverse reasons behind it.But according to Hunter and Green (1995, pp 1) thither is no universally accepted definition of touristry. This is not surp ascending, since what constitutes a tourist and the tourism industry atomic number 18 still matters of debate.Environment In terms of tourism, Environment is always understood as a nature or standard pressure of a destination or a adjust which is used for tourism. nature consists of mountains, pissing resources such as sea side, sea, rivers, waterfalls etc. Green environs involves plants, forests, parks, rainforests, safaris etc. when elaborated to wilderness it consists wild life, animals, forest species and so on. socially heritage sites or cultural uniqueness is also a parting of an environment.In environmental studies it has commonly been assumed that there exists a implicit in(p) connection between a societys worry of natural resources and its perception of nature. Brunn and Kalland (19951) cited in Holden, A. (2 008).Environmental studies and explanations atomic number 18 vast and distributions of its characteristics ar crucial. If we look at it from a different perspective it seems environment consists of whole world (living or non living beings) including humans, animals, plants and resources. From evolution humans atomic number 18 using environmental resources. When observed this use or tone ending, it is categorised as Environmental study. Resistance and Resilience ar two distinctions in this study, where Resistance is tolerance of the site (while getting used and still being undisturbed) and Resilience is the ability to recover from the happened loss or change. Some sites birth either qualities or some not. Hence receivable(p) to its characteristics,Hunter and Green (1995) stated that environment hatful be subdivided into one-third components as the physical environment or a biotic environment which includes solar energy, soil, water and climate.Tourism and Environment atom ic number 18 interdependentTourism is based on the environment Tourism has and will always pig the natural resources. Tourism is the main incidentor carrying out the natural environment in both compulsory and b deprivationball look. Even simplest material body of tourism like visiting a zoo consumes environmental resources such as animals, birds or plants. much(prenominal) a kind simple form of tourism also renders constructive as well as unconstructive do. The invalidating effect cases office be the capturing animals from their natural habitat and belongings them in a zoo, whereas positive aspect chamberpot be that by capturing the animals they are getting protected against hunters and other environmental conditions that can be captious to them. In diverse other smaller or greater impressions tourism has both negative and positive effects, but more important is to understand the actual destruction or refurbishments causing from tourism towards environment.It is unders tandable that human involvement with environment tend to use the resources, if it cant surgical process to limit them grow at least they can be saved from prox damages by use of intelligent human behaviour. Study of tourism environment is about understanding the cause and effect rule and to regard theories to protect the environmental loss due to mass tourism. It is also material that Tourism should place along with the higher quality of environment and environment shall get benefit from it not the damage. No doubt every human action has its testify pros and cons and fragility of nature resources essential not be seriously harm by it. Tourism is without a doubt among the worlds highest frugal industries (whether on the cost of environment) and relationship between tourism and environment can get equilibrate if financial profits gets used for the saving programs or environmental sustainability.Impacts of Tourism on environmentAll activities consume resources and divulge redundancy, possibly all these activities has a potential to spoil the environment, and in homogeneous context Tourism is no exception. Tourism has actual as a largest industry and any activity happens at a mass cod aim by all odds leaves its positive and negative impacts, such as tourism did in the past. Although not the case that every environmental problem is produced by tourism but still being a mass industry it affects on a wider platform.Negative ImpactsThe harmful impact of tourism can write down the natural environment when the negative impacts on the environment are sufficiently intensive and extensive. Such as damaging biodiversity of particular areas which includes holiday retreats, illumination of vegetation for constructing resorts and hotels or other tourism facilities, and also some(prenominal) out of date species have been brought to the verge of disappearance due to non-tourism nuisance which are at present related to tourism. Habitat devastation brought b y unrestrained and ill plotted tourism is the prime cause of extinction of species which eventually destroy the natural balance, but destruction of biodiversity can have far reaching effects than this. Another negative impact is the depletion of natural resources like water, land and resources like food, energy or raw materials etc. which are already in short supply. Degradation of land resources like wood or plantations is another example of the negative impacts of tourism on the natural environment. Solid elope littering is more common in the case of trekking, rock climbing or hiking tourists. Tourism also pollutes the tourism sites with noise and air befoulments, problems are more compounded in countries or regions which lack or does not have the ability to effectively treat such forms of pollutants generated from tourism activities. Tourism tuition is more or less obligated for most of the harmful impacts that tourism has on the natural environment. The cutting down of fores ted areas, changing the beautify etc all have negative impacts on the ecological balance of the tourism destination, whereas directs of impact may vary from site to site, but the negative impacts of tourism on the environment cannot be ignored. The negative impacts are intensely circumpolar in ecologically fragile environments.Whether from generating a tender site or a heritage site used for different prospective, somehow environment is getting a hard time by this. By pollution, song of persons using limited resources, behaviour of tourists while on holidays and so on are some of the causes which directly or indirectly affects environment. It may include both physical and cultural aspects. Unless managing at all level it is fractious to provide specific consideration to each resource and this is how this becomes a negative aspect towards tourism, environment has to pay such cost by loss to the natural shots to beaches, coral reefs or heritage sites.Effluence caused by tourism main concerns faced by tourism trade today. The sewage waste from tourist resorts are drained into the rivers causing pollution in the river water and eventually to sea bed, it highly affects the marine life. Extreme use of natural resource that is fossil fuel to generate energy for tourist activity, the activities of overfishing, inessential use of ground water resources, are only few of problems which are created by tourism industry which in turn causes the reduction of the resource.As tourism grows, it also give hands to increased littering, various forms of pollution e.g. noise, water, air. Sewage and waste got increased sometimes to uncontrollable levels. Alongside hold for transportation gets high and number of vehicles produces numerous gases and noise in air. In areas where resources are limited, tourism develops a sense of competition, leading to all sorts of degradation. Such harmful impacts are majorly brought by poor management or lack of proper preservation machine in place.Positive impactsHowever with all these harmful effects, the environment is also gaining the optimistic outcome of tourism. Tourism is base towards a sustainable side by helping and preserving the natural resources for the forthcoming generation. Various nations and its conservative organisations are implementing strict plans for conserving their flora and fauna and defend their natural resources.We should not only see at the dark side of the moon if tourism has its costs, its pays back as well, as tourism grows it definitely encourage several other industries to rise side by side. Whenever a destination is selected to develop as a tourism destination presidency and planning sources put bms for the regeneration of the place. It consists of re bouncyisation of an area or a site and beautifies the local environment. Thus this performance brings new colours to the site. any(prenominal) vital site when comes under tourism perspective, its natural resources gets special perplexity from the managing bodies, where as educated tourism developers knows the value of a natural resource and keeping this in mind they prevent any misuse or damage to it.According to Swarbrooke (1999) the term sustainable tourism can be defined as the approach towards tourism in which more focalisation is shown in preservation of the natural resources in a way that they can be consumed by the present generation and can be maintain for the future generation as well.Tourism can therefore no longer be seen as a harmful factor to environment. Economically, galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) areas in the world have benefitted from tourism and savings are taking place on a higher level in umpteen countries.There is an urgent need to understand the relationships between tourists, tourism and the environment. Many new forms of tourist consumption revolve around environmental quality and the remark for nature. One more reason for the negative impression of tourism might be th at it is difficult to disentangle the impact of tourism from other forms of economic activity in certain destination areas. Shaw g., Williams A.M. (2002)Numerous examples and case studies are available where tourism has proven a saviour to drowning economies, along with economical benefits it is helpful in urbanisation of dead towns. Due to tourism many businesses develop and people get employed, on a social level tourism keeps all communities together and connected. Any tourists social involvement and habits are controlled by the behaviour in which s/he is coming from and an brainwave can be developed in order to gain positive response from tourists. Appropriate educational information system towards environment is rising as very useful tool.How tourism can enhance environmental conservation-If tourism destroys the environment with negative impacts, it also plays a very loose mathematical function in the preservation of the natural environment of the destination areas. As touri sm industry benefits from the tourism sites, it should be its morally responsible to take a pivotal role in the conservation of the natural setting from which it gets benefits. An appropriate and well managed tourism approach can reduce the disheartened impact of tourism on the natural environment.Appropriate use of get revenue- Though the profits earned from the tourism conduct is the major ploughshare of the tourism trade to the efforts of preservation of the environment, educating the tourist is also an essential aspect in the effort of conservation of the natural environment. The revenue earned from various tourist activities brings in the wealth which enables organisations to focus on the conservational efforts. Without the money, conservation process is nothing. Though, concern must be taken to see that the managers of such destinations or sites are not tempted to enlarge the misfortune upper limit as the money starts to flow, thinking that the money thus earned from touri st activities like entry fees will be enough to address the very issues caused by the increased visitation. If this persuasion is not overlooked, than the natural environment will meet more thereby negating the effective use of money from tourism for the conservation of the environment. The conservationists who have the expertise and authority should make an effort to take control and focus on the maintenance of the environment.Developing eco-tourism- Another most important method is to bring a change from the basic idea of mainstream formal tourism. This can be achieved by propagating the initiative of sustainable tourism and eco-tourism which are far more environmental friendly and aims at nourishing both the external and the internal environment of the destination. Adopting the idea of such forms of tourism plays a significant role in the conservation of the natural environment. Fundamental principles of these forms are inclined towards reducing the ill effects of tourism on th e environment without compromising the value of experience that the visitors can get from visiting the sites.In further part of this essay I have mentioned and elaborated how this skip over tourism is developing these days.Sound planning- Sound environmental management of tourism amenities like resorts and hotels can enhance the benefits to natural areas requirement is heedful planning of tourism victimisation which is based on the environmental resources lively in the destination area. For example clearing of vast areas of vegetation or forest to build resorts, holiday retreats, etc and changing of the landscape to appear more appealing to the tourist. While doing this, the natural environment or to be nice the biodiversity or the ecology of the area is being affected. So care should be taken to see that tourism development causes least impact on the environment. This again can be done by creating eco friendly resorts or buildings which will have the least impact on the surrou ndings. Tourism also has the potential of raising cognisance of the environmental problems among the people by carry them into close contact with the surroundings. Tourism cannot be sustainable if the surroundings or the environment of the destination is not sustainable in itself.Developing sensation among tourists- Conservationists should offer means by which people using the particular destination, both locals and tourists can be made aware of the importance of maintaining the environment. In fact they can encourage the people to contribute towards maintaining the environmental balance. Conscious effort to transform and develop the destination should be the aim of the environmentalists and the development projects, keeping in mind the positive possibility as well as the downfall of the environment with extreme tourism. A way in which tourism can contribute to the conservation process is by having an appropriate mechanism for the dealing with pollution and sewages generated from tourism activities. Various means can be used to minimise the impact of tourism on the environment. Appropriate reading material can remove negative facts of the site and educate and inform the tourist on the diverse aspects related to the environment. This can lead to the visitors greater understanding of the environment and thus act in a more responsible manner and hence minimise the impact caused by them. Implementation of visitation limits, proper rules regulations and mentioning the environmental issues caused by tourism at its early deliver can imply a big difference in the conservation of the natural environment.Helping wildlife preservations- Tourism also plays a vital role in the preservation and bulwark of various species of endangered species which is a vital part of the natural environment. Nature loving tourists visit wildlife reserves and in doing so contribute to the conservation process. Tourism can play major role in the conservation process in various other way s. The tourism industry can also organise campaigns to raise awareness of the environmental issues affecting nature or wildlife and in doing so can also make up a good image which has been a good deal criticised in the last few decades for the negative impacts it has caused to the wildlife destinations.Alternate tourism is developing- A new breed of tourists is developing called eco-tourists and sustainability came in light in 80s due to previously happened mass destruction in environmental resources. Sustainable emergence concept came in attention from 1980s and in March 1980, populace Conservation Strategy (WCS) was prepared. IUCN, UNEP, WWF, FFO and UNESCO joined hands for worlds living resources. WCS was a conservation strategy where ecosystem degradation-destruction, deforestation, desertification, pollution, soil erosion and genetic diversity and extinction of species and many related issues were in discussion.The relationship between economic development and the conservat ion and sustenance of natural resources is concept of sustainable development. Though these thoughts were already in air from many years at that time but WCS discussed many drastic changes happening to environment and WCS was proven as a bridge over between prior thoughts and later actions. Another major outcome was geological formation of WCED ( demesne bursting charge on environment and development) in 1983, Gro Harlem Brundtland (PM Norway) was appointed chairperson for this commission and in 1987 he publicised a report known as Brundtland Report (Our Common Future) in which Sustainability were originally popularised-Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (According to WCED 198743) cited in Hall, C.M. and Lew, A.A. 1998Certainly sustainability consists of strategy making, preservation of ecological processes, protection of heritage and biodiversity, futuristic foc used productivity and balance between social behaviour and environment. Along with the global acceptance of International tourism, sustainability also got recognise as a key element towards long term unspoilt policies along with saving limited resources. Destination areas have developed to gentle all these travellers, and receiving them and catering their needs has also become part of a daily routine.Development is a highly contested concept and since the warrant World War debates over what it is, and how to achieve it, has gone through a number of phases. International tourism has been a global phenomenon from centuries, but that case of tourism for mass consumption dates back to the mid-19th century, when a specific servicing sector devoted to the mass consumption of travel emerged, roughly match to the development of mass production in the industrial sector. Harrison, D. (ed.) (2001)As people are not tends to be flexible when it comes to implementing rules and regulation, especially when visitors are on holidays, Author B Wheeller describes in his words. And what sort of touristic approach is needed is Tourism at one with nature non-consumption, non-exploitative, avoiding degradation and destruction of the environment, but sooner tourism in harmony, in balance with nature Wheeller, B. (1994)Conclusion base upon the statements and codes-of-conduct developed by tourism stakeholders, that the environment has been placed on the adumbrate as a major concern of how tourism is to be developed potentially.Thus all these negative and positive effects of tourism on the environment, brings us to a conclusion that tourism can be treat in negative as well as positive aspect in regards to the environment. The negative impacts can be reduced by taking initiative towards conserving natural resources. There are various tools that can be used to protect the environment like collecting income in the form of taxes. All these examples however show us a positive picture about how the tourism industry and the environment are co-dependent to each other for their mutual existence. Though there are many negative aspects to tourism, we can still say that tourism has the tools to protect, preserve and enhance natural resources and the environment. and then Tourism and natural environment can both co-exist and be inversely beneficial to each other if the tourism industry has the willingness to pull in full support to the conservation efforts of the natural environment. In doing so, it can help maintain the environment and also recover from the negative image that it has built up for itself during the last few decades. Proper and efficient planning and management accompanied by strict implantation, strict rules and regulations, proper interpretation, propagating the idea of sustainable consumption, well planned eco tourism and sustainable tourism and educating the tourist and making them aware of the impacts of their actions which may have negative impac ts on the environment are some of the few ways in which tourism sector can contribute in the conservation process of the natural environment. There cannot be a limit to the extent tourism can contribute to the process and there cannot be an end to its contribution towards environmental conservation because as long as tourism exists, the negative impacts of tourist will be evident on the natural environment. There is no doubt accept the fact that tourism brings in money. But even then, care must be taken to make sure that the economic growth brought by the tourism industry must contribute to the natural environment processes and the sustainable use of natural resources.Academic ReferencesBrunn and Kalland (19951) cited in Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge)Bull (19911) cited in Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge)Franklin (200333) cited in Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge)Hall, C.M. and L ew, A.A. 1998. The geographics of sustainable tourism development an introduction. Harlow Longman.Harrison, D. (ed.) (2001) Tourism and the Less Developed World Issues and Case Studies. Wallingford CABI. Ch. 1.Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge.Hunter, C. and Green, H. (1995) Tourism and the Environment A sustainable relationship? Routledge, London.Shaw G., Williams A.M. (2002) 2nd ed. Critical issues in tourism a geographic perspective Oxford.Swarbrooke, J. (1999) Sustainable Tourism Management. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.Wheeller, B. (1994) Egotourism, sustainable tourism and the environment a symbiotic, symbolic or shambolic relationship? in A.V. Seaton et al., eds. Tourism The present of the Art, Wiley, Chichester.

Defoe, Richardson, Fielding and the English Novel :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

Defoe, Richardson, Fielding and the slope myth The roots of the unfermented extend as far back as the beginning of conversation and language because the allegory is a compilation of various elements that down evolved over the centuries. The birth of the English refreshing, however, can be centered on the lop of three writers of the 18th century Daniel Defoe (1660-1731), Samuel Richardson (1689-1761) and Henry Fielding (1707-1754). Various critics have deemed both Defoe and Richardson the father of the English novel, and Fielding is never discussed without comparison to Richardson. The excerpt of these three authors is not arbitrary it is based on central elements of the novel that these authors contributed which brought the novel itself into place. Of course, Defoe, Richardson and Fielding added onto styles of the past and writing styles of the period, including moralistic instruction and picaresque stories. Using writing of the time and the literary tradition of the pas t, Defoe first crafted the English novel while Richardson and Fielding completed its inception. Critics disagree on a strict definition of the novel D.H. Lawrence has remarked, You can put anything you akin in a novel (Stevenson 2), and Wagenknecht in his Cavalcade of the English Novel has claimed the ...novel has never been satisfactorily defined (xvii). Henry James had a unique perception of the novel A novel is a living thing, all one and continuous, like any other organism, and in proportion as it lives will it be found, I think, that in each of the parts there is something of the other parts. (Kettle 12) Novel comes from the Italian novelle, which was used for sensational news stories. One collection, Giovanni Boccaccios The Decameron, was popularized in the fourteenth century (Phelps 11). The term carried over into English to form the basis of the English novels. There are certain components that a novel should contain. George Phelps has come up with a six-part basi s for identifying novels the writing must be fictitious, or in other words not pretend to tell the truth, have a certain length, attain a unity of plot, theme, tone, atmosphere, or vision, create an psychotic belief of reality, be concerned with character, and be prose (Phelps 7-8). Kettle, in his An Introduction to the English Novel, argues a novel must have two elements -- a quality of behavior and a significant pattern (13).

Identity Theft and the Internet Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research P

Identity Theft and the InternetYou come kinsfolk and find two mysterious UPS packages at your doorstep. Funny theyre addressed to you, clean you didnt order anything. You open one of them to find a cellphone forebode with the latest accessories. The enclosed invoice shows that it was shipped to you but billed to someone with your learn at other address a few miles away. Same place? Same city? Stranger things can happen. Theres a phone number, so your husband tries to call to let your namesake lie with that UPS delivered her packages to the wrong address. When you hear the womanhood on the line say, Yes, this is insert your full name here, you get a drop down feeling in your stomach. Your husband quickly hangs up on her. another(prenominal) review of the invoice reveals payment was made by MasterCard. You soak up a MasterCard but havent used it in a while, so--what the hell--you call the toll-free node service line. After being transferred here and there, answering this q uestion and that one, it hits you youre just another victim.This is the way I discovered last year that I had become a victim of identity theft. Weeks and months later, I learned that, in addition to making fraudulent charges to my credit card, the criminals opened several cell phone accounts using my name, address, date of birth, and social security number. They even had the audacity to have two phones purchased illegally added to my existing, legitimate cell phone account. At times, I loathed opening my mailbox for fear of finding yet another invoice asking me to pay hundreds, sometimes thousands, of dollars for these lowlifes to buy and talk on cell phones. Should you ever find yourself in a similar, unfortunate situation, know that the Internet contains web sites that can he... ...en made, my case is still pending. With the help of the Internet, I am an informed victim who was able to more than fully join forces in the criminal investigation into the crime committed against m e. Web sites dont have to be directly related to identity theft for them to be helpful. all(prenominal) of the sites I visited during the course of my personal investigation, productive for the criminal investigation or not, contributed to the peace of mind and confidence I now feel. Fraudulent bills and line of battle notices continue to arrive in the mail but no yearlong intimidate me. I am empowered with knowledge, and I look away to the day that my case is solved and the perpetrators are brought to justice.Because my case is still pending, I choose not to explicitly describe its specific details so that the eventual prosecution of the perpetrators is not jeopardized in any way.

John Lennon: Biography Essay -- essays research papers

John Lennon Biography     I, John Winston Lennon, was born in Liverpool, England in 1940. I wasthe founding member of a group called the Beatles, which was the nearly popularmusic group in the history of rock and pother (World Book 197). The groupincluded George Harrison, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, and myself. Weoriginally formed in 1958, but it wasnt until 1960 that we decided to nameourselves the Beatles (World Book 191). My philosophy of the Beatles was, "whenyou said it, it was crawly things when you evidence it, it was beat music (The NewBook of Knowledge 108).     I, along with Paul, wrote close to of the Beatles music. Songs that werewritten primarily by myself include "Help," "All You Need is Love," and "A Dayin the Life."(World Book 197). In 1970 we decided to break up for a number ofartistic, business, and personal reasons (World Book 190).     I, like the other source Beatles me mbers, continued to perform as a soloartist. Yoko Ono, whom I get married in 1969, became my partner (World Book 197).Yoko and I, being extremely opposed to the struggle, performed unitedly making peaceour theme (Rolling Stone 229). As our taste for war bittered, Yoko and I becameinvolved in many anti-war protests. We recorded "Give calm a Chance" in ourhotel room in Montreal, and I had it surge released (Rolling Stone 229). InJanuary of 1970 I wrote and recorded &qu...

Huck Finns Ending Essay -- essays research papers

Dear Mark Twain,After learning your famous novel, The Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn, I dont feel that the final stageing you wee created is suitable for the book. Throughout the entire novel, huckaback is discharge to all extremes to table service out a friend in need, Jim. As a slave, Jim is agreeable for having such an honest and open friend like Huck, hardly it seems as if when he conveys out he was free all along, things change. When Jim and Huck undercoat themselves at the end of their go, neither had anything left to run from because Hucks dad was dead and Jim found out that Mrs. Watson freed him when she passed forth a hardly a(prenominal) months ago and hoped he would soon be with his family. Because of this ending of your choice, we never engender out Hucks true feelings about helping a run aside slave besides what we learned earlier in the book. It seems as if the special bond that Huck and Jim shared was over, each were going their own separate ways and moving on in their lives. I found the ending very disappointing because throughout all the situations that took dumbfound in the book, Twain develops Huck as a character growth up and accepting his innate ideas of right and wrong, exactly we soon find out that Huck hasnt grown at all. It seems as if Huck and Jim have formed a strong friendship with each separate and Huck no longer looks down upon his as a slave, scarce sees him as an equal individual and a friend. When Huck is re-united with Tom, we find this to be false because he goes back to his old ways in which he was taught through his child hood and refers to Jim as property. Another major vexation is that Twain ends the novel as he started, with Huck running away from a coachd life style. In the beginning of the novel, Mrs. Watson was trying to trail Huck so he decided to run away, at the end of the novel he fears that Aunt Sally is going to try and civilize him, so he decides to run west to the enchanted territo ry. This is an important technique that Twain uses to try and indirectly point blame at anybody, but it is obvious to the reader. Huck does not decide to leave because he thinks that nightspot is rotten, he decides to leave because he thinks that he is the one that is rotten, and cannot be civilized, so he decides to go somewhere far away from civilization. Ironically, it is the corrupting... ...n. He utilize what little knowledge he had well, and managed to help several people, including himself, along his journey down the river.One idea that I found very evoke was that Huck and Jim were two completely different people running in the same direction in the beginning, and at the end they become the impendent of friends, but when we soon learn that it seems as if all has faded away and the journey was useless. It comes across to the reader that both Huck and Jim were on the troop together for one reason and that would be to escape civilization. That would be the pilot idea but because of their bond thats not the intent of the book. Huck and Jim both had one thing that held them together and that was the goodness at heart, not only did Huck go against everything he was taught, but he didnt have a problem doing it and by you ending the book in such a way just seems like everything that happened doesnt publication and an incredible journey traveled by two amazing individuals doesnt matter in the end. It just seems like Huck gave up on everything he worked so hard for and not only let himself down, but his best friend and companion Jim also.

Shakespearean Theater :: William Shakespeare

Shakespeargon was gilded to begin his passage in the late 1500s, when English theater was divergence through major(ip) changes. Professional actors had been performing in England for centuries. Called Players, they traveled from town to town, setting up makeshift exhibits in public halls, marketplaces, and the courtyards of inns. Often they met repulsion from local authorities, who believed that crowds of playgoers were a magnet for crime and also contributed to the spread of disease. thespian James Burbage reinforced England?s first permanent playhouse in 1576. Other outdoor(prenominal) theaters sprang up during the next few decades.These playhouses were all hardened in the suburbs rather than in capital of the United Kingdom, which had strict laws g everywherening entertainment. In 1599 Shakespeares reinforced their own playhouse, the Globe. This about circular building had three levels of covered galleries. A platform microscope peak ab step forward forty feet wide pro jected out into the open courtyard, where tidy sum who paid the lowest admission price could affiliation and watch the play. assenting to the header benches cost about twice as much. Wealthy commonwealth paid sixpence (what a skilled squat earned in a day) to sit in the lords room, the part of the gallery directly over the interpret. In all, Shakespeares Globe could accommodate about 3,000 spectators. Toward the destroy of his career, his corporation acquired a fully enclosed theater in London for the winter season.The award at the Globe had trapdoors for the entrance and exit of actors acting ghosts or otherwise supernatural characters. At the back of the main stage was a small, furnish inner stage utilise for indoor scenes. higher up this stood a 2 tiered gallery. The first tier was used to stage balcony and bedroom scenes, the atomic number 16 to house musicians. Sound effects, such as the well-to-do of thunder, were produced in a hut on top of the stage roof. a ny performances took place in the afternoon because there was no artificial lighting. The stage was mostly bare. in that location were few props and no movable scenery. sooner of relying on scenery, Shakespeare used descriptive language to help audiences visualize the settings of his plays. For example, his wide descriptions of the moon are more than just beautiful writing---they reminded Elizabethan audiences that the characters were impact at night.What the Elizabethan stage lacked in scenery, it made up for in costumes. Shakespeare?s audiences considered habiliments an important indication of social rank, so they demanded spendthrift?if not eer historically accurate---costuming. Along with its playbooks, an elaborate wardrobe was an Elizabethan theater company?Shakespearean Theater William ShakespeareShakespeare was fortunate to begin his career in the late 1500s, when English theater was going through major changes. Professional actors had been performing in England fo r centuries. Called Players, they traveled from town to town, setting up makeshift stages in public halls, marketplaces, and the courtyards of inns. Often they met hostility from local authorities, who believed that crowds of playgoers were a magnet for crime and also contributed to the spread of disease.Actor James Burbage built England?s first permanent playhouse in 1576. Other open-air theaters sprang up during the next few decades.These playhouses were all located in the suburbs rather than in London, which had strict laws governing entertainment. In 1599 Shakespeares built their own playhouse, the Globe. This roughly circular building had three levels of covered galleries. A platform stage about forty feet wide projected out into the open courtyard, where people who paid the lowest admission price could stand and watch the play. Admission to the gallery benches cost about twice as much. Wealthy people paid sixpence (what a skilled laborer earned in a day) to sit in the lords ro om, the part of the gallery directly over the stage. In all, Shakespeares Globe could accommodate about 3,000 spectators. Toward the end of his career, his company acquired a fully enclosed theater in London for the winter season.The stage at the Globe had trapdoors for the entrance and exit of actors playing ghosts or other supernatural characters. At the back of the main stage was a small, curtained inner stage used for indoor scenes. Above this stood a two tiered gallery. The first tier was used to stage balcony and bedroom scenes, the second to house musicians. Sound effects, such as the booming of thunder, were produced in a hut on top of the stage roof.All performances took place in the afternoon because there was no artificial lighting. The stage was mostly bare. There were few props and no movable scenery. Instead of relying on scenery, Shakespeare used descriptive language to help audiences visualize the settings of his plays. For example, his long descriptions of the moon are more than just beautiful writing---they reminded Elizabethan audiences that the characters were meeting at night.What the Elizabethan stage lacked in scenery, it made up for in costumes. Shakespeare?s audiences considered clothing an important indication of social rank, so they demanded extravagant?if not always historically accurate---costuming. Along with its playbooks, an elaborate wardrobe was an Elizabethan theater company?