Guidelines for Writing the Three Major Parts of the Literature Review Essay

The introductory section should expose the way out (problem subject field, directional innovation, shank or query question or problem) that is being follow-uped. Aim for an plaza catching opening clip. Sometimes this is a dramatic verbalism of a number to catch the involveers attention such as the prevalence of a disease, crime rate, school drop surface rate, or sales volume. Be sure the paper is sharpened on the belles- permittres that will be papered. Briefly define the advert concepts. usher in these immediately.The topic should be sufficiently focuse to permit an in-depth, substantial investigation, germane(predicate) to an bea of advanced study/ globular leadership that guides a aver of inquiry, results in an extensive pursuit of donnish books, and generation of questions for further inquiry. The settle of a writings round off is relegateed in the introduction. Bourner (1996) reports the sideline designings of a books review (reasons for a revi ew of the literary whole kit) before embarking on a re essay project.These reasons complicate to let out gaps in the literary productions to avoid reinventing the wheel (at the very(prenominal) least this will save time and it dismiss stop you from raise the same mistakes as separates) to carry on from where some opposites imbibe already reached (reviewing the bowl in allows you to build on the plat trope of existing fellowship and ideas) to account early(a) people working in the same fields (a re hunt cluber meshing is a valuable resource) to increase your breadth of knowledge of your subject argona to identify seminal works in your area to provide the gifted context for your own work, enabling you to position your project relative to former(a) work to identify opposing views to put your work into perspective to depict that you can access previous work in an area to identify ontogenesis and ideas that whitethorn be pertinent to your project to id entify methods that could be relevant to your project Bourner, T. (1996). The re chase process Four steps to succeeder in T. Greenfield (Ed. ), interrogation methods Guidance for postgraduates (pp. 7-11). London Arn hoar. Retrieved 8-13-02 from Royal Melbourne Institute of applied science RMIT University http//www. lib. rmit. edu. au/tutorials/lit/litrev.html As you attempt to define concepts (variables) and their relationships to other variables, if applicable, identify causative (independent) variables and upshots (dependent variables). You may also identify other variables that can be contextual, intervening, or mediating (see Cres well(p), pp. 94-95 or other texts). after(prenominal) you salt away the topic area properly ( studys follow), you will infract a thick one-sentence economic consumption of the review. Three examples of a concluding purpose statement in the overview are shell 1 The purpose of this review is to critically break up the hypothetic and empiric lit on web-based instruction as an instructional method in distance education, with an emphasis on effectiveness studies that focus on instructional effectiveness, student learnedness outcomes, retention, student perceptions of this method of dividing line musical mode of speaking, and to identify areas of succeeding(a) studious inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is instructional method of web-based instruction and the effects (dependent variable) are instructional effectiveness, student learning outcomes, retention, and student perceptions. lesson 2 The purpose of this critical abbreviation of nonional and empirical literature is to (a) examine historical and current literature to try whether gender workplace bias exists (b) explore the impact such a bias would excite on women in the workplace, circumstantialally women moving up the corporate l add uper and, (c) identify any theory-based or empirical gaps in the literature for the purpose of suggesting future areas of bookish inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is gender bias against women in the workplace and the effect (dependent variable) is mobility up the corporate ladder.Example 3 ( round off carefully) The purpose of this critical analysis of theoretical and empirical literature is explore the influence of organisational leadership and other factors on organizational performance, in for- earnings and not-for profit service organizations, and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variables (independent) are organizational leadership and other factors, contextual (intervening or mediating) variables are the type of organization (product versus service) and profit/non-profit, and the effect (dependent variable) is organizational performance.Please note in developing your purpose statement, that the purpose statement begins with The purpose of . and concludes with a statement related to identifying future areas of scholarly inquiry. 9 Instructions Writing An Overview and Purpose ( be precisely) * round Blackboard assemblage 5. substance abuse your reading and faculty comments for streng thuslying, as a guide to develop your Overview and Purpose (see items 1-9 below). *Draft 1 is referable hebdomad 3. look back forum 6. You will get a great start if you develop this well. 1. employ the template a. cause a preliminary title for the critique and admit on the title page. The title should include the main concepts and themes (and/or reveal theories) for this review. Remember this is a critical analysis of the literature NOT a re reckon study In no area of this paper, should you refer to this Review of literary works as a re pursuit study b. For the Introduction to the lit, chime in a brief subtitle preceding the colon for the level purpose ___ Overview and Purpose. 2. Under the Overview and Purpose, introduce the paper with an eye catching opening sentence for the first parag raph. 3.After the eye catching opening sentence, briefly get word the topic (problem area, guiding concept, theme). Get to the point dont let the lecturer guess what the review is close to a few sentences. 4. future(a) include brief definitions of each of the study concepts and cite references for these definitions in curb APA format. BE BRIEF this is not the literature save an introduction to it Anything you make in the introduction is developed in depth in the Review of the writings. 5. Next, very briefly, attempt to identify how the literature explains these variables and their relationships to other variables. take on as legion(predicate) as possible variables because this will help in constructing a literature stage. The make up will show relationships amongst the variables as you describe here. Begin with the following The causal variables (independent are) The effects (dependent/outcome variables are contextual (intervening or mediating) variables that furth er impact the dependent or outcome variables are . 6. Discuss how the topic area was identified and your reasons (point of view) for selecting the topic area to mete out your critical analysis of the literature.Review the Guidelines How to Start Select a subject area and Overview and Purpose, including purposes identified by Bourner (1996). Begin with the following The topic area of ____ was selected because___. 7. explicate what you deprivation to know about the topic. Review Hart, 1999, p. 14 (Questions the Review brook Answer). Begin with the following Some questions to be answered through this critical analysis of the literature are 8. Answer the following Is the topic about the problems in a bob up out or field of study, the processes in a discipline or field of study, or the practices in a discipline or field of study?Processes can refer to various epistemologic processes to develop knowledge (also See Hart, 1999, p. 14). Introduce this absorbly so the reader knows wh at you are speechmaking about. Begin with the following The problem area of is about 9. Conclude the Overview and Purpose with a clearly formulated statement of purpose of the literature review. Use the examples in the guidelines, as a guide to develop this. Make this clear (see examples in the previous lecture note).Begin with the following and include the close The purpose of this .., and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. system of rules of the Review, Scope, and depository library query Plan Organization of the Review public lecture Collect appropriate articles, read critically, identify concepts, theories, and themes, and think about the best way to shake off your topic. deliver these concepts, theories, and themes worst (see your Blackboard forum 5 submission and instructor response. ascend a Literature Map. This is a Content Map (Concept Map or Mind Map) All students will contribute a literature comprise that will guide the organization of the review and literature search.Build (draw) a visual picture of the concepts and their relationships, which results in a literature social occasion. These evolve from your topic, key concepts, ideas, theme, and/or purpose. Dont introduce immature development or concepts. It should first be introduced in the overview. The literature routine is presented in-depth here. There are many methods to send the review, which often change as you learn to a greater extent about the topic. Concept part Representing information in diagram form where key words are linked by lines. These lines are then labeled to express the relationship between the legal injury.The resulting symbolize shows links between key ideas and can then be read through to elucidate relationships between key terms. a. Definition and Purpose of a Literature Map. This social occasion is a visual/graphic representation of concepts, ideas, and themes that serve to guide thinking. In this model, the purpose is to guide the se arch and organizational presentation of your review. This map serves to i. Develop ideas for your review ii. Show relationships and interrelationships between the concepts, theories, and themes and if so, what type of relationships iii.Assist in organizing gray-haired knowledge and integrating it with new knowledge iv. Guide your literature search plan/strategy v. signalize subtitles (subheadings) to organize your literature review so that you can communicate your ideas systematically. vi. A literature/content map is a creative, intuitive, and artistic endeavor to see how things fit to generate alternatives. It is also analytic and critical, based on what you are dateing in the literature. REVIEW THESE relate A simplified explanation of realiseing of a Content map is described in the following URL web link http//users.edte. utwente. nl/lanzing/cm_home. htm b. sundry(a) types of graphic or Visual Organizers (review this online. Click each box) (you direct to have the sylla bus downloaded and Internet connection on) Chain of Events Clustering Compare/ demarcation line Continuum Cycle Family Tree Fishbone Interaction Outline Problem/Solution roamer Storyboard Venn Diagram Source http//www. sdcoe. k12. ca. us/score/actbank/sorganiz. htm Other Web sites Graphic or Visual Organizers Graphic or Visual Organizers A commodity site review this online by clicking link. http//edservices. aea7.k12. ia. us/edtech/classroom/workshops/ organizers. html http//www. cast. org/ncac/index. cfm? i=3015 http//www. veale. com. au/phd/files/Lit_Map. pdf Some diagrams of content maps are depicted in the following URL web link http//trochim. human. cornell. edu/research/epp2/epp2. htmTable1 Free Mind Mapping Software (Smart Draw) http//www. smartdraw. com/ specifics/mindmapping. asp? id=13054 Readings on Mapping Ideas See Hart, 1999, pp. 142-162 Blackboards Assignments Toolbar See example of literature maps in Assignments Weeks 1-8 Literature Review ( minute Analysis) 5 0%.Within this folder is information on PowerPoint Presentation and Student Examples. virtually of the student examples include literature maps for RES 702 (RES600) students. Organizing the review of the literature by themes, theories, or major(ip) concepts and related concepts provides a frame for the central topic to organize. In this case, you may proceed inductively or deductively. http//trochim. human. cornell. edu/kb/dedind. htm Exercise in Deductive/Inductive thinking http//www2. sjsu. edu/depts/itl/graphics/induc/ind-ded. html3bFor example, a deductive approach might start with the broader view or concept(s) then hold up to the specific topic area. Example FOLLOWS A literature map (Figure 1) is utilize to guide the library search for theoretical and empirical literature about distance learning. The map shows a deductive pattern of the major themes, employ an interaction line style type of graphic organizer. Beginning with the broadest concept of distance education, web-b ased instruction interacts with student characteristics, which leads to evaluation of effectiveness of web-based instruction in distance education.. . . Other concepts and their relationships to guide the review are . . . Other organizational Methodologies for Reviews While RES 702 students are asked to develop literature maps that serve to organize the review, with more scholarly experience and depending upon the topic, you could also present the Review exploitation an opposing view or methodo dianoetic approach. This is not expect now. c. The literature map generates an outline for the Review of the Literature Review why do an Outline, and Basic Outlining skills http//www. und. edu/instruct/wstevens/PROPOSALCLASS/PATRAS.html http//www. mnstate. edu/wasson/ed603/ed603lesson5. htm An outline provides a blueprint, skeleton, or a roadmap for the final written review. An outline is an organizational process that is a logical description of the all important(p) components of the lite rature review. It provides a visual and conceptual design for writing. 1. Identify the main points in the order they should be presented. 2. assure each main heading into logical subheadings. 3. Use further subdivisions if necessary. IT IS powerfully SUGGESTED THAT YOU INCLUDE A SECTION ON MEASUREMENT OF YOUR MAJOR VARIABLES. theme SOME OF THE MAJOR METHODS, TOOLS, OR INSTRUMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN USED IN antecedent STUDIES TO MEASURE THE KEY CONCEPTS IN YOUR OUTLINE. Notice in the outline that follows, a sub-level heading is bill of leadership and organizational performance. In the Review of the Literature section, you would then describe the brutes whether qualitative or quantitative, and reliability, validity (quantitative tools), and trustpriceiness of qualitative tools. Run a Proquest or Google search such as measurement leadership.This saves you time in the QP and literature in the dissertation where you sine qua non to know how your variables have been studied and measured. It is best to have MORE feature in these themes. You can always change later. Example of an Outline (Let us say that the following concepts are present in the literature map which could be Chain of Events, Clustering, or Interaction Outline. This is an example of an outline (quite detailed). It includes the major concepts that can be used for the literature search, and the outline is placed in the 2nd part of this Review (Review of the Literature) to organize how to present the literature.leaders Classical, Progressive, take chances Leadership Theories Traits and Characteristics of Leaders Leadership, Power and Influence Gender and Equity Issues in Leadership Practice Cultural Issues and Leadership Developing Teams Leading organisational Change organizational Leadership Development Strategic Leadership Leadership Measurement organisational cognitive operation Dimensions of Organizational military operation Organizational modality Individual Performance Team Performance Suppli er/Vendor Perspectives client Satisfaction Financial Performance Effectiveness Indicators Performance Driven Organizations qualification ModelingManaging Performance 360 Degree Feedback Collaborative Change Organizational Performance Measurement Output (Activities) and Outcome (Results) Measures Factors Influencing Organizational Performance Leadership and Performance of Organizations Leadership Style and Team Performance Leadership Style and Organizational Outcomes Leadership Style and Vendor/Supplier and Customer Satisfaction Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Effectiveness 7 Instructions for Writing the Organization of the Review Do not present literature that you reviewed here. Just respond to questions 1-7.1. After you design the literature map, begin with the statement A literature map (Figure 1) is used to guide the library search for theoretical and empirical literature in this review about ___. 1. Next, describe the specific type of org anizer that you used to design your map (for example, cluster, chain of events, cycle, etc). To do this, you need to review this syllabus on line, and click the divergent URL links of examples of visual or graphic organizers (review preceding lecture which provides several types). 2. Identify the specific the concepts, theories, and themes that are in your literature map. 3.Next, briefly, describe the relationships between these concepts, theories and themes (such as what leads to what? Which are the causal, outcome and/or intervening variables? Are the concepts organized inductively or deductively? This all refers to the concepts, theories, and themes in your literature map. 4. Next explain that in addition to guiding the literature search, the literature map serves to identify themes, theories, and concepts that will organize the Literature Review. Present these theories, concepts, and themes in outline form, polariating each main heading into logical subheadings. (Keep it simpl e).5. Due for draft 1, go to the next major section (Review of the Literature) get into these themes/concepts as level headings/sublevel headings in outline form. They serve to organize the Review of the Literature. Use appropriate APA (see p. 113 of APA) level headings. An example using APA level headings, is shown in the next major section of these guidelines. The concepts and themes for the example, uses the outline of themes previously converseed (leadership and organizational performance). 6. hold in the Figure 1, Literature Map at the end of this intervention of the Organization of the Review (before Scope and condition).a. Make sure that you develop your literature map in a software application that can be copied and attach into your Microsoft word document containing your paper. b. Make sure the map is an appropriate size and fits within the required paper margins. c. The Figure and , and Title (Literature Map) belong at the bottom, centered Figure 1 Literature Map Y our goal is to have the map well-developed in draft 1 and finalized in (draft 2). It is expected that this map will change as you tighten and organize your literature review in the next section as well as well as in your qualifying paper. chasten this part with each new draft (and especially as your literature map evolves). Scope and Context torment This section lets the reader know what is and is not include in your literature review (scope). The topic is described in such a way that an appropriate context for the review of the literature is established, in a meaningful, logical way. The key terms here are include/excluded. You can restate the theories, concepts and constructs that you will include and obvious theories, concepts and constructs you wont include ( come along at your problem and topic area).Identify what might be included in the search in terms of types of organizations (public/private for-profit, not for profit service/product types of businesses, types of education al institutions) populations such as young versus old gender cultural groups countries or type of occupation. The major types of scholarly literature to review are empirical studies, review articles (critical analysis), theoretical articles/books, methodological articles, and case studies.These types of literature may be in the form of a book, inviolable copy journal articles, and electronic journal articles. The following are different types and forms of literature Periodical vellicate in a primary source, Abstract in a secondary winding source, Periodical (hard copy), Periodical (electronic), Non-periodical (Book), Non-periodical (chapter in a book), Proceeding of meetings or symposia, Doctoral Dissertations (including abstracts), Unpublished work, Audio-Visuals, Newspaper, Government documents, and Electronic Media.5 Instructions for Writing the Scope and Context 1. As you write this, discuss what is and is not included. Regarding the topic or problem area, discuss what is and is not included in terms of concepts/theories, applications to different populations and settings. 1. Identify the forms (not types) of publications that are included. You dont need to name specific articles, but identify the forms of literature to be included. 2. Identify the discipline(s) you are focusing in (e. g. , education, health, business, criminal justice, accounting, sociology)?Included specialised areas within these disciplines, such as gender theories in sociology, accounting ethics, special education for specified populations, urban violence, etc. 3. Identify the scope in terms of the years (period of time) that your literature review covers and exclusions. 5. Discuss whether you are hold in your review to U. S. literature, and/or Global literature. For global literature, identify the countries. If seminal books are emphasized, include the titles. belt down this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature expands).Library Research Plan and Strategy public lecture THIS IS THE PLAN, NOT THE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE The review is presented in the second major section (Review of the Literature) Searching the Literature A good review of the literature is dependent upon knowledge of the use of indexes and abstracts, the ability to conduct exhaustive bibliographic searches, and ability to organize the collected data meaningfully. Information literacy skills assist with information seeking and retrieval methods and scholarly communication. have sex scholarly and peer reviewed journals (See Week 1 Lecture).The e-Learning tutorials about Lynn Library can assist research students with the development of literature reviews using electronic databases, abstracts, bibliographic software, Internet searching, Library record searching, subject resources, off-campus searching, and research and writing skills. You need to complete the tutorials. Library Research Plan/Strategy In reporting your library plan/strategy, identify concepts, themes (k ey words) or descriptors and search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Be arranged with the Literature map concepts and themes.Focus your search on primary scholarly works including empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry. Recognize the differences between these types of scholarly inquiry. Review dissertation abstracts. Did you do a Lynn Library catalogue search on the topic (at Lynn)? Did you search selected journals? Did you limit the search to peer-review journals? Did you limit the search to certain years? If you are having difficulty in your library search, you may make an appointment with the Reference Librarian who may assist in building effective search strategies.When visiting the Library, you should come prepared with your search words. Requesting Materials It is suggested that you read the abstracts before requesting the materials from the Librarian, because certain abstracts may provide enough information to help you make a decision on the materials relevancy. Expect that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature, that is of value and relevant.While many published review articles may have more than hundred cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the vista is a minimum of 20 relevant, scholarly citations in the text of your paper. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is what counts. Dont use references from consulting firms or firms that are promoting their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. Types and Forms of Literature Minimum Requirements i. The preference is that you review a variety of types and forms of literature so that you many learn to ii.Search for and evaluate different types and forms information iii. commingle a variety of types information in the text of your paper iv. Recognize classic (seminal) works as well as current li terature Give yourself time to read the material do not make a library request for everything at once. Readings Search Strategy worksheet http//library. humboldt. edu/infoservices/sstrawrksht. htm http//www. noodletools. com/debbie/literacies/information/5locate/adviceengine. html http//www. lynn. edu/clientuploads/Library/Graduatestudentsmanual. doc11 Instructions for Writing the Library Research Plan and Strategy In a Review, a discussion of the plan or strategy you used to develop your literature search is presented. Dont discuss what you will do, but rather what you did. 1. Identify the descriptors (concepts, themes, theories, phrases/key words) used to search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Include themes or groups of words used in the search plan. Add the terms theory or research to your themes when you are searching. You should uses many themes to limit the search.Example of a theme for a library search leadership organizational performance research. Try to include several themes. 2. Report databases used in your library search. 3. register which of the following types of primary scholarly works were reviewed empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry (aim to obtain all of these)? 4. Were secondary citations of references used in your paper? explicate Why? Review APA p. 247 to understand a secondary citation of a source. Remember that these need to be limited. In your dissertation, you need to mostly use primary sources of literature.Remember that if you report literature from secondary sources in your paper use (as cited in __). 5. Explain if you reviewed dissertation abstracts (yes/no). If so, on what topics, which abstracts? You should use these. 6. Explain if you did a Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn or where? ) Yes/ or no 7. impart the titles of the key journals reviewed. (Put these titles in Italics). 8. Indicated whether or not you limited the search to peer-reviewed journals? 9. Indica te if you limited the search to certain years? If so, which years? 10. Refer the reader to the example of a library Search Print-out that you will place in Appendix A.11. Report any problems encountered in your library search and how these problems were managed. Refine this part with each new draft. Interest, Significance, and Rationale for the Critical Analysis Lecture In this last part of the introduction to the literature review, you explain the grandeur and significance of the Review that will follow. As you read more, you will find more rationale as to why this review is important. Provide a transition sentence from this Introduction to the Review of the Literature. Then end with a statement that explains how the Review will conclude in the Discussion section.Example of concluding statement As an emerging method of instructional delivery in higher education, and one that continually evolves with the growth in technology, it is important to understand its impact on learning, re tention, instruction, and students. This critical analysis of the literature concludes with a summary and interpretation of theoretical, empirical, and methodological literature, conclusions, and recommendations for future scholarly inquiry into web-based instruction in distance education. 4 Instructions for Writing the Interest, Significance, and Rationale for the Critical Analysis 1.Discuss if the topic is of limited please, regional, national, or perhaps of global interest? Explain why? You can include personal interest based on experience and potential applications. 2. Describe why it is worth studying (or examining)? 3. Indicate that the presentation of the Review of the Literature follows 4. Develop a concluding statement (see example above, in lecture) to the effect that a synopsis and interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are presented at the end of the review in the discussion section. Refine this part with each new draft. Review of the Literature About ___ (ad d your topic)Lecture This is the second major part of this critical analysis. This has a long lecture. today is the time to write your in-depth Literature Review. You laid the foundations for this section in the Introduction to the Review, to organize your review according to those themes. Present the theoretical literature (theories, model, constructs, concepts) about those themes, and empirical literature (studies) regarding those themes, in a proper manner. Follow the instructions (see presenting theoretical literature, and presenting empirical literature) in this Review of the Literature section.If you present the literature appropriately in this body of the review, then you will have information to present in the Discussion of the Literature. If you dont, this Review falls apart. Only literature presented in this Review of the Literature can be analyzed in the next section, Discussion of the Literature. You will save a stitch in time, if you follow instructions and learn how to present theories, and how to present studies, including the authors stated limitations and recommendations for future inquiry, in addition to your critique of those studies. General comments The theoretical and empirical literature is summarized, analyzed, evaluated, and synthesized in a more in-depth coherent manner within organized headings and sublevel headings. Specifically, information pertaining to theoretical, empirical, methodological, critical review, and case studies about the topic is reported. As reported previously, expect that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature to present, that is of value and relevant.While many published Review articles may have more than 100 cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the expectation is a minimum of 20 relevant, scholarly citations in the text of your paper. This will increase to 50 referen ces in the qualifying paper. It certainly isnt unusual to have over 100 references in a dissertation. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is what counts. Dont use references from consulting firms or firms that are promoting their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. As you present literature in your word document, it is okay to talk to yourself.Make notes in the document to your self. You can use different font colors or highlights for these messages to yourself. o Perhaps you want to cede a message to yourself to review a particular article that you didnt yet have the chance to review, or o you want to search another theme. o Or you read an article, but didnt have a chance yet to write about it jot down notes o Use the word file as a tool where you keep all information in one place. You will find this technique very helpful in developing the qualifying paper, and in developing the your dissertation.The instructor does not mind (and in fact encourages you do to this, even in final copies0. Just make the messages neat and not to distracting) Of utmost importance, is that you present your review appropriately. Practice doing it correctly immediately or you will be WASTING time (having to redo it later). Your review must(prenominal) be organized within the headings/sublevel headings. Insert the outline developed in the Introduction to the Review. Make sure that the outline is consistent with the organization of themes, concepts add theories in your literature map. It is ok if you reorganize or rename the themes, but make the changes if the Organization of the R (and literature map, in the prior section). You want the Introduction to the Review, Review of the Literature, and the Discussion section all to be internally consistent with one another. Instructions follow on how to present critically present, theoretical and empirical literature. FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS. Quotations and Paraphrasing and Critical Analysis This is a liter ature review, and not your opinion.